First-pass extracted concepts

Finally, we highlight emerging methodologies-from multi-omics and live imaging to optogenetics and targeted therapeutics-that are illuminating this specialized autophagy network and opening novel avenues for intervention.

cutting-edge techniques such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-based gene editing are enhancing the precision of these therapies, enabling greater control over neuronal activity

Therefore, this review aims to investigate the current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy based on various technologies, including electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep brain stimulation, and brain-computer interfaces.

Light enables spatial and temporal manipulation that allows probing microbial cellular characteristics with high precision.

Optogenetic approaches have enabled high-resolution single-cell analysis of microbial properties including relative cell positioning, subcellular localization, morphology, and gene expression dynamics.

Optogenetics enables intricate modulation of targeted neurons within the nervous system.

Here, we review advances employing photosensitive molecules and optogenetic tools that facilitate spatiotemporally controlled fusion of lipid and polymer vesicles.

The application of optogenetic tools to neurons in the brain facilitates the selective and reversible manipulation of neuronal activity with millisecond precision using light-sensitive proteins.

An increasing set of optogenetic tools enables tightly controlled regulation of ion flux across biological membranes, gene expression, gene editing, and protein-protein interactions

Optogenetics is being used to interrogate hallmark traits of cancer at cellular, subcellular, and organismic levels.

Optogenetic tools and approaches in cancer research are applied to understanding signal transduction pathways, modulating immune functions in the tumor microenvironment, facilitating drug screening, and directly attacking cancer cells.

Optogenetic tools enable spatiotemporal regulation of enzymatic activity or gene expression at key signalling nodes.

Optogenetics and sonogenetics use genetic engineering to achieve precise neuronal activation

To overcome these challenges, ultrasound control systems based on synthetic biology have been developed, especially for sonogenetics and gas vesicles.

Genetic methods, such as sonogenetics and magnetogenetics, have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations

Sonogenetics uses genetic engineering to achieve precise neuronal activation.

Advancements in photoacoustic and related optical or acoustic neuromodulation technologies may enhance nerve function remodeling and improve outcomes in spinal cord injury.

Sonogenetics is a promising tool for research and therapeutic applications.

cutting-edge techniques such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-based gene editing are enhancing the precision of these therapies, enabling greater control over neuronal activity

Therefore, this review aims to investigate the current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy based on various technologies, including electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep brain stimulation, and brain-computer interfaces.

This review categorizes neuromodulation techniques into genetic neuromodulation methods (including optogenetics, chemogenetics, sonogenetics, and magnetogenetics)

cutting-edge techniques such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-based gene editing are enhancing the precision of these therapies, enabling greater control over neuronal activity

Therefore, this review aims to investigate the current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy based on various technologies, including electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep brain stimulation, and brain-computer interfaces.

Neuromodulation techniques have shown significant advancements in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) is a critical component of the circadian clock

Optogenetic Control of Gene Expression Using Cryptochrome 2 and a Light-Activated Degron

Advances in optogenetic regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells using cryptochrome 2 (CRY2)

Therefore, CRY2 is essential in regulating skeletal muscle repair.

Immunostaining revealed that the number of mononucleated paired box protein 7 (PAX7+) cells associated with myotubes formed by CRY2-/- cells was increased compared with CRY2+/+ cells, suggesting that more reserve cells were produced in the absence of CRY2.

CRY2 deficient myoblasts survived better in ischemic muscle.

Focused ultrasound is rapidly emerging as a novel technology for the development of symptomatic therapies and supporting disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD).

This review systematically traces the technological evolution of stereotactic ablation, including radiofrequency ablation, laser interstitial thermal therapy, radiosurgery, and focused ultrasound.

Focused ultrasound (FUS) offers a non-invasive alternative capable of achieving localized and deep tissue heating.

Parkinson's disease includes both circuit dysfunctions and molecular pathology, beyond dopaminergic cell loss.

Preclinical advances support the potential of focused ultrasound to become a disease-modifying treatment for Parkinson's disease.

Focused ultrasound (FUS) offers a non-invasive alternative capable of achieving localized and deep tissue heating, enabling precise activation of genetically engineered cells through heat-responsive promoters, a strategy termed thermal sonogenetics.

Autophagy, a key cellular degradation pathway, is central to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Autophagy, a conserved cellular degradation pathway, serves as a critical mechanism of host defense against mycobacteria by delivering bacteria to the lysosome.

Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved intracellular recycling pathway, is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and enhancing plant resilience to a variety of abiotic stresses

Autophagy, a key cellular degradation pathway, is central to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Despite progress in understanding its role, critical questions remain.

This perspective highlights pressing issues, including cell-type-specific autophagy regulation, interactions with other cellular pathways, and challenges in translating autophagy-modulating therapies to clinical practice.

Optogenetic induction of caspase-8 mediated apoptosis by employing Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2

Our strategies involve the light-sensitive protein Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 and its binding partner CIB1.

Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 (CRY2)

Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 is employed for optogenetic induction of caspase-8-mediated apoptosis.

Here we present the design and evaluation of four strategies for light-inducible activation of TrkA in the absence of NGF. Our strategies involve the light-sensitive protein Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 and its binding partner CIB1.

These results demonstrate a CRY-BIC negative-feedback circuitry that regulates the activity of each other.

PDT relies on photoactivated nanophotosensitizers to precisely eliminate hyperplastic synovium through spatiotemporally controlled reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Non-invasive phototherapies, including photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT), have emerged as promising alternatives.

synergistic multimodal therapies, including chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and gas therapy

PDT relies on photoactivated nanophotosensitizers to precisely eliminate hyperplastic synovium through spatiotemporally controlled reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Phototherapy, an innovative and rapidly advancing cancer treatment technology, can mitigate these limitations when used in conjunction with OVs, enhancing viral delivery, amplifying tumor destruction, and boosting antitumor immune responses.

While promising in preclinical models, these combined strategies are still largely in early-stage research.

While pharmacological therapies and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) are standard treatments...

we discuss focused ultrasound state-of-the-art clinically and when relevant in relation to other similar treatment strategies (ie, deep brain stimulation).

Therefore, this review aims to investigate the current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy based on various technologies, including electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep brain stimulation, and brain-computer interfaces.

DBS modulates neural firing patterns and promotes neuroplasticity, while FUS allows for precise, transient disruption of the brain barrier (BBB), enhances drug delivery, and induces localized neuro-thermal effects, potentially aiding neuroprotection and neurotransmitter regulation.

This combined modality leverages the continuous neuromodulation of DBS with the non-invasive, precise targeting of FUS, enhancing therapeutic efficacy through complementary mechanisms.

Therefore, this review aims to investigate the current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy based on various technologies, including electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep brain stimulation, and brain-computer interfaces.

Genetically encoded biosensors enable autonomous sensing and response to tumor biomarkers, and their exceptional programmability allows for enhanced targeting accuracy.

Genetically encoded biosensors represent a cutting-edge class of biosensors due to real-time monitoring and programmability in living cell.

We discuss methods for lipid detection, including genetically encoded biosensors, synthetic lipid analogs, and metabolic labeling probes.

The programmability of genetically encoded biosensors allows enhanced targeting accuracy.

The reviewed biosensors are applied to cancer detection, precision therapy, and disease recording.

Genetically encoded biosensors enable autonomous sensing and response to tumor biomarkers.

We synthesized this review based on the relevant literature and found that neuromodulation can target neuroendocrine systems responsible for metabolic homeostasis to manage insulin resistance.

New and emerging neuromodulation approaches with a particular focus on deep brain stimulation are then discussed.

Current preclinical studies indicate the potential use of spinal cord FUS in ... neuromodulation ... Additionally, FUS has been explored for neuromodulation in managing neuropathic pain and spasticity.

We synthesized this review based on the relevant literature and found that neuromodulation can target neuroendocrine systems responsible for metabolic homeostasis to manage insulin resistance.

An enhanced understanding of neuro-metabolic reflex in insulin resistance is needed to develop more effective and safer neuromodulation therapy.

This involves integrating neural circuit modulation into biological systems.

In this review, we provide brief information on the types of molecular tools for optogenetic and thermogenetic methods─microbial rhodopsins and proteins of the TRP superfamily─and also consider their applications in the field of activation of non-neuronal tissues and mammalian cells.

As the optogenetic tool protein, microbial rhodopsins have been continuously explored, modified, and optimized, with many variants becoming available, with structural characteristics and functions that are highly diversified.

Research on type 1 rhodopsins spans now a history of 50 years.

The review considers applications of optogenetic and thermogenetic molecular tools for activation of non-neuronal tissues and mammalian cells.

The review covers microbial rhodopsins and TRP superfamily proteins as molecular tool categories for optogenetic and thermogenetic methods.

Their applicability has been broadened, encouraging more researchers and clinicians to utilize optogenetics technology in research.

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current ACT modalities, including ... chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapies.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a powerful modality in immuno-oncology, enabling patient-derived T cells to be engineered ex vivo to recognize and eliminate tumor antigens.

The congress discussed cutting-edge developments in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy.

CAR T cell therapy is a powerful immuno-oncology modality that engineers patient-derived T cells ex vivo to recognize and eliminate tumor antigens.

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current ACT modalities, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, T cell receptor-engineered, and chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapies.

Targeting FAM168B could expand the therapeutic repertoire of CAR T cell therapy and support more precise and versatile treatment strategies for diverse cancer types.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are versatile determinants of cell fate, tipping the balance between survival and death.

There are common drivers of both immunosenescence and atherosclerosis; e.g. inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), chronic viral infections, genomic damage...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are produced intrinsically during normal cellular metabolic processes or extrinsically due to ionizing radiations, UV rays, xenobiotic insult, etc.

Nineteen distinct forms of cell death are shaped by reactive oxygen species as triggers, modulators, or inhibitors.

Reactive oxygen species promote crosstalk between death programs, enabling switches from one mode to another and influencing whether outcomes are inflammatory or non-inflammatory.

Reactive oxygen species are determinants of cell fate that can tip the balance between survival and death.

Ferroptosis as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer

FGF–FGFR Signaling in Parkinson’s Disease: Mechanistic Links to Ferroptosis and Neuroprotection

Ferroptosis, a form of cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a critical player in MM pathology and treatment.

Ferroptosis as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer

The paper addresses FGF–FGFR signaling in Parkinson’s disease in relation to mechanistic links to ferroptosis and neuroprotection.

mechanistically mediated through: 1) lipid metabolism reprogramming; 2) ferritinophagy-driven iron homeostasis regulation; 3) Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress potentiation; 4) autophagic activation; 5) Genes and proteins regulation.

Cell-free systems let researchers carry out biological processes like protein synthesis and metabolism without using living cells.

We also present a pragmatic framework for the rational application of state-of-the-art tools, including cell-free systems, synthetic microbial consortia, hybrid chemoenzymatic synthesis, and machine learning, to sustainably produce paclitaxel and other natural products.

Cell-free systems (CFSs) have become powerful tools in synthetic biology.

We summarize key software and discuss applications in paper-based diagnostics, reconstructed metabolic pathways, and high-yield cell-free protein synthesis.

Such systems... have been of great use in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, particularly in resource-poor environments.

AI methods are being used with cell-free systems to predict experimental outcomes, design new proteins, and identify improved reaction conditions.

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors have started to bridge several critical gaps by enabling live monitoring of metabolites across scales.

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors can capture anions in action across time and space dimensions with microscopy.

While genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for studying kinase activity, their development for many kinases remains challenging due to the lack of suitable substrate peptides.

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors enable live monitoring of metabolites across scales.

Expansion of biosensing tools has driven shifts in several paradigms of energy metabolism.

Current understanding of how energy metabolism works in vivo contains major gaps.

recent advances in optogenetic actuators, genetically encoded calcium and voltage indicators, and patterned photostimulation have transformed in vitro research

Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms.

Among the pioneering cardiac applications of optogenetic actuators were studies in zebrafish, which first demonstrated their use for precise spatiotemporal control of cardiac activity.

Advances in optogenetic actuators, genetically encoded calcium and voltage indicators, and patterned photostimulation enable all-optical interrogation of synaptic plasticity, functional connectivity, and emergent network dynamics in vitro research.

Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological processes across scales from subcellular to behaving organisms.

In neuroscience, optogenetics has traditionally focused on somatodendritic control of spiking activity, but tools for direct manipulation of presynaptic functions are growing in scope.

Optogenetic stimulation of the cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) promotes glioma growth in pons, while stimulation of the laterodorsal tegmentum nucleus (LDT) drives proliferation in thalamus.

intensity-modulated optogenetic stimulation of pretectum induced progressively more lateralised contraversive orienting behaviour and spatially patterned stimulation of optic tectum revealed a motor map

some new options for neuromodulation which have great potential in stroke rehabilitation, such as optogenetic stimulation and environmental stimulation

Intensity-modulated optogenetic stimulation of pretectum induced progressively more lateralised contraversive orienting behaviour.

Spatially patterned optogenetic stimulation of optic tectum revealed an anterior-posterior motor map that primarily generated ipsiversive responses.

Optogenetic stimulation of the cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) promotes glioma growth in pons, while stimulation of the laterodorsal tegmentum nucleus (LDT) drives proliferation in thalamus.

We present an integrated framework that encompasses CRISPR/Cas9 and next-generation genome editing

Further, we aim to see the potential of SWCNTs and CDs for a CRISPR-Cas9 gene construct delivery system, with phytoene desaturase (PDS) as the target gene.

We first validated the system using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing platform, confirming its effectiveness.

These approaches have significantly deepened our understanding of complex stress-adaptive traits and genotype-by-environment interactions, revealing precise targets for breeding climate-resilient cultivars.

Infiltration of CRISPR-Cas9 vectors targeting PDS in cowpea leaves resulted in multiplex editing and large deletions within the target gene.

Despite these technical breakthroughs, barriers such as genotype-dependent transformation efficiency, regulatory landscapes, and implementation costs in resource-limited settings remain.

computational tools and synthetic biology advances offer unprecedented opportunities for systematic medium design and optimization

synthetic biology applies engineering principles to design and construct novel biological components and systems, significantly advancing biosensor development.

Editorial: Advancing plant defense: genome editing, RNAi, and synthetic biology for sustainable pest control.

Traditional trial-and-error approaches have produced suboptimal solutions for serum-free media development, whereas computational tools and synthetic biology offer opportunities for systematic medium design and optimization.

The paper introduces an integrated framework leveraging data-driven analytics and synthetic biology for rational design and optimization of cost-effective serum-free media.

synthetic biology applies engineering principles to design and construct novel biological components and systems, significantly advancing biosensor development

unsatisfactory pain relief from previous paregoric interventions, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

The document explicitly frames transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS/rTMS) as a key non-invasive or emerging approach.

Keyword co-occurrence and cluster analysis identified that deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and focused ultrasound stimulation are the most widely used central nerve stimulation techniques in neuromodulation.

neuromodulation technology is garnering increasing attention from researchers and is currently widely used in brain diseases

Keyword co-occurrence and cluster analysis identified that deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and focused ultrasound stimulation are the most widely used central nerve stimulation techniques in neuromodulation.

Focused ultrasound stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation are presented as key non-invasive or emerging neuromodulation approaches for Parkinson's disease.

FNP has been adopted in industrial and clinical settings-for instance, in the scalable production of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for mRNA-based vaccines and other nucleic acid therapeutics-demonstrating its translational potential.

Notably, bibliometric analysis revealed that besides metal-based nanoparticles, viral-like particles, polymer nanoparticles, and lipid nanoparticles in the field of delivery system research...

This review focuses on current in vivo CAR-T delivery strategies, including viral vectors ... and non-viral systems (such as lipid nanoparticles and polymer-based carriers)...

Research on nanoparticles in influenza is rapidly advancing with a primary focus on vaccine development and delivery optimization.

Current in vivo CAR-T delivery platforms are engineered to achieve efficient, specific, and safe CAR transgene transfer.

Optimizing delivery systems and advancing vaccine development are central research priorities in nanoparticle influenza research.

modalities including mRNA vaccines

Recent advances in nucleic acid-based platforms, particularly mRNA and DNA vaccines, have accelerated clinical translation.

This review explores the cutting-edge platforms-including mRNA, DNA, virus-like particles, viral and bacterial vectors, and bacteriophage-based vaccines

Recent advances in mRNA and DNA vaccine platforms have accelerated clinical translation of therapeutic cancer vaccines.

In this review, we assess cutting-edge RNA-based therapeutics for MM modulation, drawing on preclinical and clinical evidence on modalities including mRNA vaccines, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and microRNA (miRNA) mimics/inhibitors.

By integrating these insights, we underscore RNA technologies' transformative potential to achieve durable remissions, overcome resistance, and reduce costs-paving the way for personalized, safer treatments in refractory MM.

The year 2020 marks a decade of developments in cardiac optogenetics since this technology was adopted from neuroscience and applied to the heart.

we reviewed historical and recent literatures to demonstrate the scope of optogenetics for cardiovascular research and regenerative medicine and examined that cardiac optogenetics is vital in mimicking heart diseases, understanding the mechanisms of disease progression and also in introducing novel therapies to treat cardiac abnormalities, such as arrhythmias.

This review summarizes the main results, the different uses, and the prospective developments of cardiac optogenetics.

Optogenetics combines optical and molecular biology (genetic) approaches for light-enabled sensing and actuation of electrical activity with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution and parallelism.

long-term (aspirational) prospects for clinical translation of cardiac optogenetics, including new optical therapies for rhythm control

In this Review, we appraise a decade of advances that define near-term (immediate) translation based on all-optical electrophysiology, including high-throughput screening, cardiotoxicity testing and personalized medicine assays.

The landmark success of CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy in B cell malignancies has paved the way for broader clinical applications.

This review examines the current progress of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in GBM

CAR-T cell therapy emerging as a groundbreaking approach in cancer treatment due to its potential for flexibility, specificity, predictability, and controllability.

CAR-T cells engineered to recognize EGFRvIII, IL13Rα2, HER2, or disialoganglioside have shown biological activity in GBM.

CAR-T cell therapy is presented as a flexible, specific, predictable, and controllable therapeutic approach in cancer treatment.

Key challenges for CAR-T cell therapy include T cell exhaustion, limited persistence, cytokine-mediated toxicities, and logistical hurdles associated with manufacturing autologous products.

reduced levels of carotenoid-derived hormones, strigolactones and abscisic acid, in roots

key plant defense signaling hormones such as jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid increased

Abscisic acid showed a high binding affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor. Finally, quercetin and abscisic acid were quantified to complete the data by HPLC-DAD, giving 0.036 ± 0.004 mg/g of dried extract, respectively.

when key plant defense signaling hormones such as jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid increased

Abscisic acid showed a high binding affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor.

The findings dissociate the roles of aerenchyma formation and iron plaque formation and support a model in which OsPSY2 integrates hormonal signaling to drive root plasticity.

we highlight enabling technologies such as ... artificial intelligence (AI)

Editorial: Advancing animal reproduction: Artificial Intelligence, precision technologies and reproductive biotechnologies.

Harvard University emerges as the most prolific institution, making substantial contributions to high-quality research, particularly in the domains of artificial intelligence, deep learning, and ultrasound technologies.

Furthermore, we highlight enabling technologies such as high-throughput phenotyping, artificial intelligence (AI), and nanoparticle-based gene delivery-including novel in planta and transformation-free protocols-that are accelerating translational breeding.

Despite these technical breakthroughs, barriers such as genotype-dependent transformation efficiency, regulatory landscapes, and implementation costs in resource-limited settings remain.

By integrating molecular breakthroughs with practical deployment strategies, this review offers a comprehensive roadmap for developing sustainable, climate-resilient maize varieties to meet future agricultural demands.

constructing ultrasound-visible engineered bacteria expressing gas vesicles on the genome

the gas vesicles (GVs) expressed in GVs-E. coli can effectively synergize to FUAS through their cavitation effect and perform USI

Gas vesicles (GVs) are genetically encodable, air-filled protein nanostructures

Recent advances in acoustic contrast agents including microbubbles and gas vesicles have improved the mechanical effects of ultrasound on cells and extended its application to various biological systems.

Gas vesicles expressed in GVs-E. coli synergize with FUAS through a cavitation effect and enable ultrasound imaging.

Sequential expression in which assembly factors are initiated before GvpA2 restores growth without compromising gas vesicle production.

Recent advances in CRISPR technologies, including Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, base editing, and prime editing, have enabled targeted modification of genes and regulatory elements controlling yield, stress tolerance, and grain nutritional quality in major cereals such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley.

Prime editing has recently gained attention for its promising potential in treating genetic disorders caused by different types of mutations.

This review covers the various editing tools and strategies used for precise gene editing in hemophilia, including approaches such as HDR, NHEJ, base editing, prime editing, ex vivo gene editing in iPSCs, and recent LNP-based CRISPR delivery methods for precise editing.

Recent advances in CRISPR technologies, including Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, base editing, and prime editing, have enabled targeted modification of genes and regulatory elements controlling yield, stress tolerance, and grain nutritional quality in major cereals such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley.

New prime editing strategies have been developed that improve editing efficiency.

Prime editing has promising potential for treating genetic disorders caused by different types of mutations.

Emerging nanomaterial-mediated modalities, particularly photothermal therapy (PTT)... PTT leverages near-infrared (NIR)-responsive nanomaterials to induce localised hyperthermia, triggering apoptosis in pathogenic synovial tissues.

Non-invasive phototherapies, including photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT), have emerged as promising alternatives.

Several light-based technologies are under investigation or clinical use in immunotherapy, including photodynamic immunotherapy (PDIT) and photothermal therapy (PTT).

PTT leverages near-infrared (NIR)-responsive nanomaterials to induce localised hyperthermia, triggering apoptosis in pathogenic synovial tissues.

Several light-based technologies are under investigation or clinical use in immunotherapy, including photodynamic immunotherapy (PDIT) and photothermal therapy (PTT).

Phototherapy, an innovative and rapidly advancing cancer treatment technology, can mitigate these limitations when used in conjunction with OVs, enhancing viral delivery, amplifying tumor destruction, and boosting antitumor immune responses.

a combined strategy incorporating multi-omics profiling, systems biology, multi-scale metabolic modeling, machine learning (ML), and real-time monitoring, adaptive feeding-guided SFM formulation

Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning, deep learning, and generative models, has begun to tackle this problem

We also present a pragmatic framework for the rational application of state-of-the-art tools, including cell-free systems, synthetic microbial consortia, hybrid chemoenzymatic synthesis, and machine learning, to sustainably produce paclitaxel and other natural products.

AI methods are being used with cell-free systems to predict experimental outcomes, design new proteins, and identify improved reaction conditions.

The paper presents a pragmatic framework for rational application of cell-free systems, synthetic microbial consortia, hybrid chemoenzymatic synthesis, and machine learning to sustainable paclitaxel and natural product production.

Machine learning and gene regulatory network modeling enhance predictive interpretation of transcription-translation relationships, especially under combined or fluctuating stress conditions.

low-intensity focused ultrasound has been demonstrated in both neuromodulation and blood-brain barrier opening to allow the entry of therapeutic molecules into the central nervous system.

Beyond lesioning, low-intensity focused ultrasound enables reversible neuromodulation and transient blood-brain barrier opening, facilitating drug and gene delivery in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and glioblastoma.

Its applications include ablation for movement and psychiatric disorders, blood-brain barrier opening (BBBO) for drug delivery in neuro-oncology and neurodegeneration, and neuromodulation for circuit-based interventions in addiction, mood/anxiety disorders, and chronic pain.

Its applications include ablation for movement and psychiatric disorders, blood-brain barrier opening (BBBO) for drug delivery in neuro-oncology and neurodegeneration, and neuromodulation for circuit-based interventions in addiction, mood/anxiety disorders, and chronic pain.

Low-intensity focused ultrasound-facilitated blood-brain barrier opening can facilitate drug and gene delivery in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and glioblastoma.

Low-intensity focused ultrasound has been demonstrated for neuromodulation and blood-brain barrier opening to allow therapeutic molecules to enter the central nervous system.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) profoundly affects its pathological course

Recent studies have highlighted a significant cellular stress response known as endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which is triggered by hyperglycemia, lipotoxicity, and inflammation, and may serve as a pivotal hub in T2DM pathology.

ER stress, which is an adaptive cellular response to disturbances in protein-folding.

This review synthesizes experimental studies to elucidate how ERS disrupts muscle homeostasis via the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways (PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6) contributing to insulin resistance and activation of protein degradation systems.

Recent studies have highlighted a significant cellular stress response known as endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which is triggered by hyperglycemia, lipotoxicity, and inflammation, and may serve as a pivotal hub in T2DM pathology.

ER stress is triggered by imbalance of ER homeostasis and activates the three classical unfolded protein response pathways, including PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6, to restore homeostasis.

Gene therapy is a promising approach for treating gastrointestinal diseases that are not effectively treated by conventional pharmaceuticals and surgeries. Gene therapy strategies include gene addition, gene editing, messenger RNA therapy, and gene silencing.

Furthermore, we explore emerging strategies, including gene therapy, stem cell therapy, cell type-specific neuromodulation, and AI-driven techniques for objective, unbiased pain assessment and research.

We highlight the following technologies: ... gene therapy...

Gene therapy strategies in this review include gene addition, gene editing, messenger RNA therapy, and gene silencing.

Gene therapy is a promising approach for gastrointestinal diseases that are not effectively treated by conventional pharmaceuticals and surgeries.

These innovative approaches are poised to revolutionize pain management, paving the way for the discovery of safer and more effective analgesics.

This review examines the technical evolution of FUS and its expanded applications in GBM, including subtypes of low- and high-intensity FUS and their mechanistic contributions to therapeutic effect.

Currently, FUS has been clinically applied for targeted brain ablation (high intensity [HIFU])

High-Intensity Focused ultrasound (HIFU) has emerged as a novel noninvasive neuromodulation technique.

This evolution has broadened access to surgical treatments for individuals with tremor and has provided both clinicians and patients with a wider range of therapeutic options. Consequently, selecting the most appropriate surgical treatment for an individual has arguably become more complex, relying on a combination of evidence base, personal, medical, social, and economic factors.

We examine the biophysical mechanisms underlying US-based therapies, the design of multifunctional nanoplatforms, and their applications in enhanced imaging, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and US-triggered drug delivery.

The noninvasiveness and relatively low cost of these outpatient methods are key attributes contributing to growing acceptance.

Therefore, nanoparticles have extensive research and application value in drug delivery systems.

innovative delivery vehicles, including aptamers, peptides, and nanoparticles

This review considers existing modern approaches aimed to overcome both pre-existing natural immunity and immunity obtained after the administration of a gene therapy drug, which include... pharmacological support (immunosuppressive corticosteroids, inhibitors of various branches of the immune response, nanoparticles, IgG-degrading enzymes).

Nanoparticles have extensive research and application value in antibody drug delivery systems.

Nanotechnology-based modification of drugs can increase delivery efficiency, targeting, and permeability, reduce resistance to antibody therapy, and improve response rate, safety, and effectiveness.

Since its inception in 2020, the LYTAC platform has consistently progressed, incorporating several Lysosome-targeting receptor (LTR) targeting techniques and innovative delivery vehicles, including aptamers, peptides, and nanoparticles.

The current emergence of new therapeutic strategies such as targeted biologics (e.g., complement inhibitors, Fc receptor (FcRn) antagonists, etc.), B-cell depletion therapy, and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy contribute to the significant improvement in the clinical management of RMG.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown transformative success in hematologic malignancies, yet its application in solid tumors remains limited by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic barriers.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of B-cell malignancies

CAR-T cell therapy has transformative success in hematologic malignancies but remains limited in solid tumors by intrinsic and extrinsic barriers.

Emerging therapeutic strategies including targeted biologics, B-cell depletion therapy, and CAR-T cell therapy contribute to significant improvement in the clinical management of refractory myasthenia gravis.

Current innovation in solid-tumor CAR-T therapy focuses on enhancing CAR-T cell function and persistence while addressing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

The primary sources of signal degradation ... are systematically explored across four major indicator classes: voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs), genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs), calcium-sensitive dyes (CSDs), and genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs).

Monitoring neuronal activation by a magnetogenetics approach can be facilitated by the co-expression of genetically-encoded voltage indicators (GEVI)

Voltage imaging using genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) has taken the field of neuroscience by storm in the past decade.

The review summarizes mitigation strategies for signal-quality limitations including hardware optimization, sensor choice, sample preparation, experimental design, post-processing, and computational correction methods.

The review classifies common mechanisms that compromise data quality into photon shot noise, device-related errors, and sample-related measurement errors.

Signal degradation in biological optical imaging of membrane voltage and calcium dynamics is organized in this review across four indicator classes: VSDs, GEVIs, CSDs, and GECIs.

emerging techniques such as genome editing, synthetic chromosomes, and high-resolution imaging

Editorial: Advancing plant defense: genome editing, RNAi, and synthetic biology for sustainable pest control.

Genome editing (GE) has transformed medicine by allowing precise changes to DNA, offering potential treatments for a range of inherited and acquired disorders.

Genome editing (GE) has transformed medicine by allowing precise changes to DNA, offering potential treatments for a range of inherited and acquired disorders.

The review provides a practical framework intended to guide experiment design that balances biological relevance, sensitivity, and interpretability for identifying direct regulators of a gene of interest.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), as regulatory agencies for key advanced therapy markets, provide detailed guidance on these aspects, emphasizing rigorous preclinical testing, patient monitoring, ethical consent, and compliance with legal frameworks.

Photopharmacology enables precise spatial and temporal drug control of receptors by light using modified drug molecules incorporating chemical photoswitches, especially azobenzenes.

The field of photopharmacology has developed around the central concept of using light to endow drug action with spatiotemporal precision.

Photopharmacology is devoted to using light to modulate drugs.

Photopharmacology enables precise spatial and temporal control of receptor-directed drug action using modified molecules that incorporate chemical photoswitches, especially azobenzenes.

Photopharmacology uses light to modulate drugs and is being applied to selected enzymatic targets.

Poor selectivity is a persistent challenge in drug development programs and can obscure mechanisms and modes of action.

Treatment failure is largely driven by the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), which restricts the delivery of most conventional therapeutics and shields invasive tumor regions from systemic drugs.

Ultrasound-assisted drug delivery systems (US-DDS) leverage MB/NB cavitation effects to enhance chemotherapeutic agent delivery efficiency, overcome biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, and modulate immune responses.

Neurological gliomas, as the most common and deadly primary brain tumors, face two major therapeutic obstacles: the blockade of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and high tumor heterogeneity.

In glioblastoma, treatment failure is largely driven by the blood-brain barrier because it restricts delivery of most conventional therapeutics and shields invasive tumor regions from systemic drugs.

Recent inorganic nanoparticles are designed to cross the blood-brain barrier and target glioblastoma.

Ultrasound-assisted drug delivery systems (US-DDS) leverage MB/NB cavitation effects to enhance chemotherapeutic agent delivery efficiency, overcome biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, and modulate immune responses.

phytochrome A (phyA)

a phyA mutant had enhanced cry2 levels

The far-red light receptor phytochrome A (phyA)

Therefore, the phyA-mediated high-irradiance response and GI play pivotal roles in morning FT induction.

a phyA mutant had enhanced cry2 levels, particularly under low fluence rate blue light

Our results suggest that cry2 stability is controlled by SPA and phyA

Editorial: Advancing plant defense: genome editing, RNAi, and synthetic biology for sustainable pest control.

The review further discusses insect counterstrategies and explores cutting-edge technologies-CRISPR/Cas9, RNA interference, and metabolic engineering that are reshaping pest management.

The RNA interference machinery is crucial for regulating the activity of both native and foreign genes across all eukaryotes.

The editorial frames advancing plant defense for sustainable pest control in terms of genome editing, RNA interference, and synthetic biology.

Additionally, recent biotechnological advancements are discussed, with an emphasis on the application of RNA interference for the development of novel plant defence strategies.

However, plants exhibit remarkable diversity within each family and extensively use RNA interference mechanisms in their intricate immune responses.

Cellular senescence and oxidative stress constitute an interdependent axis that underlies cardiac pathophysiology.

Any deregulation of this subtle balance can result in oxidative stress that can lead to various pathological conditions including cancer. Oxidative stress can be a cause of neoplasia, or it can be induced by a growing tumour itself.

Free radicals can adversely affect various important classes of biological molecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, thereby altering the normal redox status leading to increased oxidative stress.

In the heart, cellular senescence and oxidative stress influence remodeling and dysfunction across diseases, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and cardiac hypertrophy.

Cellular senescence and oxidative stress constitute an interdependent axis that underlies cardiac pathophysiology.

Cellular senescence, defined as durable proliferative arrest, is initiated and sustained by redox imbalance

FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)

FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)

the day-length-specific induction of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, which encodes florigen, is a major final output of the pathway

The morning FT peak is absent in typical laboratory LDs characterized by high red:far-red light (R:FR) ratios and constant temperatures.

In Arabidopsis, FT messenger RNA levels peak in the morning and evening under natural long-day conditions (LDs).

Here, we demonstrate that ZEITLUPE (ZTL) interacts with the FT repressors TARGET OF EATs (TOEs), thereby repressing morning FT expression in natural environments.

This work systematically outlines design strategies and functional mechanisms of mainstream CRISPR/Cas fluorescent probes for bioimaging, encompassing five categories: fluorescent proteins, synthetic dyes, smart gated probes, nanomaterials, and multimodal integrated probes.

Fluorescent proteins (FPs), which are widely used in molecular and cell biology, have been suggested as attractive modalities for metal ion detection owing to their biocompatibility and specific responsiveness to metal ions.

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) from the GFP family have become indispensable as marker tools for imaging live cells, tissues and entire organisms.

This work systematically outlines design strategies and functional mechanisms of mainstream CRISPR/Cas fluorescent probes for bioimaging, encompassing five categories: fluorescent proteins, synthetic dyes, smart gated probes, nanomaterials, and multimodal integrated probes.

Fluorescent proteins are attractive modalities for metal ion detection because of their biocompatibility and specific responsiveness to metal ions.

Developing highly sensitive and selective Cu2+ biosensors based on fluorescent proteins requires understanding Cu2+ binding to fluorescent proteins and engineering guided by structural analysis.

Synthetic gene circuits offer transformative solutions by enabling precise transgene expression control, dynamic signal processing and metabolic pathway optimization.

Expanding these assays to multiple cellular contexts has made it possible to both manipulate endogenous gene programs and create synthetic gene circuits that yield designer cell outputs.

Central to these advancements are synthetic gene circuits, CRISPR-based control systems, RNA regulators, and logic gate architectures enabling high specificity, multiplexed detection, and memory-enabled response.

Nicotiana benthamiana has emerged as a premier plant biofactory for recombinant protein and metabolite production due to its high metabolic versatility, ease of cultivation and permissiveness to transient expression vectors.

Synthetic gene circuits offer transformative solutions by enabling precise transgene expression control, dynamic signal processing and metabolic pathway optimization.

However, challenges such as transgene silencing, low yields and metabolic toxicity limit its scalability.

Genetic methods, such as sonogenetics and magnetogenetics, have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations

Magnetogenetics is a brain stimulation technique which may benefit from FUS technology in that alternating magnetic fields (AMF), like FUS, can pass through the skull without requiring surgery.

These capabilities circumvent the inherent physical limitations of alternative in vivo control methods such as optogenetics and magnetogenetics.

Neuromodulation techniques have shown significant advancements in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders.

The review categorizes neuromodulation techniques into genetic methods and non-genetic methods.

traditional surgical methods used to introduce these components into the brain are invasive and highly focal, precluding investigation of brain-wide neuronal pathways

The emotional and cognitive components of pain are processed by the medial prefrontal cortex... making this cortical area a promising target region for medical as well as psychosocial interventions for pain therapy.

Web research summary states the article reports altered medial prefrontal cortex development.

The supplied web research summary states that the review emphasizes medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as a shared substrate linking stress and anxiety.

magnetic resonance imaging has revealed gray matter loss in all these areas in chronic pain conditions

The medial prefrontal cortex receives ascending, nociceptive input, but also exerts important top-down control of pain sensation: its projections are the main cortical input of the periaqueductal gray, which is part of the descending inhibitory pain control system at the spinal level.

The emotional and cognitive components of pain are processed by the medial prefrontal cortex

Recently, the development of optogenetic methods that rely on light-sensitive molecular actuators has allowed perturbation of islet function with near physiological spatiotemporal acuity.

Optogenetic techniques permit studies of excitable tissue through genetically expressed light-gated microbial channels or pumps permitting transmembrane ion movement.

With the application of new transgenic fluorescent reporter and Cre-driver/reporter lines, plus optogenetic, chemogenetic and viral transduction methods, several additional subtypes of novel striatal GABAergic interneurons have been discovered

Recently, the development of optogenetic methods that rely on light-sensitive molecular actuators has allowed perturbation of islet function with near physiological spatiotemporal acuity.

Until recently, optogenetics in islet biology has primarily focused on controlling hormone production and secretion; however, studies on further aspects of islet function, including paracrine regulation between islet cell types and dynamics within intracellular signaling pathways, are emerging.

Optogenetic techniques use genetically expressed light-gated microbial channels or pumps to modulate cellular excitability with millisecond precision.

The utility of these regenerative cell technologies is further expanded when combined with gene-editing techniques, which enable precise modeling of pathogenic variants and targeted correction of disease-associated mutations.

Emerging methods such as natural products, gene editing, immunotherapy, and auxiliary technologies like nanotechnology and biosensors are becoming alternative strategies for sustainable parasite control.

This review highlights the latest cutting-edge technologies driving progress in the field, including ... gene editing...

Gene editing can be used to enhance the functionality and therapeutic potential of regenerative hepatocyte products.

Gene editing enables precise modeling of pathogenic variants and targeted correction of disease-associated mutations in regenerative hepatic cell technologies.

These methods show significant potential, particularly in preventing drug resistance and reducing environmental impact.

modern nanoplatforms enhance this approach with biomimetic coatings, toxin nanosponges, and extracellular vesicles.

The editorial text also explicitly names supported related items such as oAd-SA, OX40L/PPT nanoparticles, oncolytic viruses, adenoviral vectors, AAVs, extracellular vesicles/exosomes, and DC-targeting lentivectors.

To investigate extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential biomarkers for diagnosing and staging steatosis in patients with MASLD using machine learning (ML) and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI).

These tools neutralize Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), modulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and reprogram macrophages with spatial and stimulus control.

Early nanocarriers improved the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs, while modern nanoplatforms enhance this approach with biomimetic coatings, toxin nanosponges, and extracellular vesicles.

Combining EV, clinical, and anthropomorphic features improved diagnostic accuracy for identifying severe steatosis compared with EV-only modeling aims described in the study.

This review focuses on current in vivo CAR-T delivery strategies, including viral vectors (such as lentiviruses, γ-retroviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and viral-like particles)...

Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have revolutionized gene therapy by enabling stable gene integration into dividing and non-dividing cells

while lentiviral vectors support applications in oncology and immune-related disorders.

Lentiviral vectors enable stable gene integration in dividing and non-dividing cells.

Producing high-titer functional lentiviral vectors at industrial scale remains challenging because scalability, cost-efficiency, and effectiveness need improvement.

Lentiviral vectors support applications in oncology and immune-related disorders.

The integration of nanomaterials and surface modification strategies has further enhanced target recognition, signal transduction efficiency, and sensor stability.

This work systematically outlines design strategies and functional mechanisms of mainstream CRISPR/Cas fluorescent probes for bioimaging, encompassing five categories: fluorescent proteins, synthetic dyes, smart gated probes, nanomaterials, and multimodal integrated probes.

Some studies indicate that the use of nanomaterials may modestly enhance targeting and therapeutic efficacy.

This work systematically outlines design strategies and functional mechanisms of mainstream CRISPR/Cas fluorescent probes for bioimaging, encompassing five categories: fluorescent proteins, synthetic dyes, smart gated probes, nanomaterials, and multimodal integrated probes.

Integrating nanomaterials and surface modification strategies can enhance target recognition, signal transduction efficiency, and sensor stability in biosensor platforms.

Nanomaterials serve as programmable and multifunctional tools at the interface of tissue regeneration and targeted cancer therapy.

activates the three classical pathways of the unfolded protein response, including the PKR‑like ER kinase, inositol‑requiring enzyme 1α and activating transcription factor 6 pathways, to restore homeostasis

Prolonged or severe ER stress can activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptotic pathways.

Biochemical analyses revealed that unfolded protein response (UPR) was activated with similar dynamics between haploids and diploids upon ER stress induction

ER stress is triggered by imbalance of ER homeostasis and activates the three classical unfolded protein response pathways, including PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6, to restore homeostasis.

The review presents potential clinical interventions for patients with diabetic kidney disease in the context of ER stress.

Prolonged or severe ER stress can activate the unfolded protein response and apoptotic pathways.

This study aims to develop a nanobubble (NB) delivery system designed to co-administer an immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer, Shikonin (SK)... The study demonstrated that miR-497/SK-loaded nanobubbles simultaneously boosts ICD and blocks the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in immunotherapy.

ICD is critical for enhancing antitumor immune responses in tumor immunotherapy.

The concept of immunogenic cell death (ICD) was originally coined by Kroemer in 2005.

Sonodynamic therapy uses ultrasound to activate sonosensitizers, generating ROS that induce cytotoxic tumor cell death and trigger immunogenic cell death through DAMP release.

Ultrasound-facilitated activation of shikonin in miR-497/SK-loaded nanobubbles induced injury-related molecular patterns including CRT and HMGB1, consistent with immunogenic cell death.

ICD is characterized by the release and enhanced expression of adjuvant-like damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which includes but is not limited to surface-exposed calreticulin (ecto-CRT) exposure, ATP secretion, high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) release

emerging delivery paradigms - including locoregional administration, viral vectors and nanotechnology-enabled platforms

The successful realization of this internalized manufacturing process is critically enabled by two interdependent pillars: advanced delivery platforms (viral vectors and non-viral lipid nanoparticle [LNP]-mRNA systems) and artificial intelligence (AI).

This review explores the cutting-edge platforms-including mRNA, DNA, virus-like particles, viral and bacterial vectors, and bacteriophage-based vaccines

In glioblastoma, intratumoral heterogeneity, antigenic escape, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and blood-brain barrier constraints limit CAR-T cell trafficking, persistence, and sustained antitumor activity in the central nervous system.

Locoregional administration, viral vectors, and nanotechnology-enabled platforms are emerging delivery paradigms intended to enhance blood-brain barrier penetration and intratumoral retention.

The successful realization of this internalized manufacturing process is critically enabled by two interdependent pillars: advanced delivery platforms (viral vectors and non-viral lipid nanoparticle [LNP]-mRNA systems) and artificial intelligence (AI).

Aptamers, short single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can fold into unique 3D shapes and bind to specific target molecules, offer high affinity and specificity, low immunogenicity, and promising BBB penetration via receptor-mediated transcytosis targeting receptors such as the transferrin receptor (TfR) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1).

We then assess recent progress in recognition elements, such as antibodies, aptamers, and enzymes, emphasizing not only their strengths but also their limitations and vulnerability to off-target interactions.

next-generation biorecognition elements, including aptamers

The blood-brain barrier restricts therapeutic delivery to the central nervous system and hinders treatment of neurological disorders.

Recognition elements including antibodies, aptamers, and enzymes have strengths but also limitations and vulnerability to off-target interactions.

Since its inception in 2020, the LYTAC platform has consistently progressed, incorporating several Lysosome-targeting receptor (LTR) targeting techniques and innovative delivery vehicles, including aptamers, peptides, and nanoparticles.

the sepsis-associated cytokine storm can activate key signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways

This article summarizes available information on the effects of pentacyclic triterpenoids on the ... NF-κB ... signaling pathways in ovarian cancer cells.

As a highly complex and unique signal transduction pathway, the NF-κB pathway is involved in various physiological and pathological processes.

The sepsis-associated cytokine storm can activate NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells, promoting a shift from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype.

The NF-κB signaling pathway is an important driver of osteosarcoma.

Abnormal activation of the NF-κB pathway in osteosarcoma promotes cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and enhances migration, invasion, and immune escape.

Supported by the supplied web research summary stating that the review abstract emphasizes "protein corona effects" and that intrinsic nanoparticle properties precondition in vivo identity via the protein corona.

Evolving areas of interest that are discussed include ... new principles established in the role of the protein corona

The supplied web research summary identifies protein corona/biological identity as one of four explicitly source-aligned areas relevant to the anchor review and notes that corona formation shapes circulation, targeting, biodistribution, efficacy, and safety.

The review's abstract framing includes protein corona effects as an important determinant of nanoparticle in vivo identity and delivery behavior.

Evolving areas of interest that are discussed include ... new principles established in the role of the protein corona

Protein corona is treated as a relevant determinant of nanoparticle biological identity and delivery behavior in the review's design context.

SDT employs ultrasound-activated nanosensitizers to produce cytotoxic ROS for the targeted ablation of inflammatory cells.

synergistic multimodal therapies, including chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and gas therapy

We examine the biophysical mechanisms underlying US-based therapies, the design of multifunctional nanoplatforms, and their applications in enhanced imaging, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and US-triggered drug delivery.

SDT employs ultrasound-activated nanosensitizers to produce cytotoxic ROS for the targeted ablation of inflammatory cells.

We examine the biophysical mechanisms underlying US-based therapies, the design of multifunctional nanoplatforms, and their applications in enhanced imaging, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and US-triggered drug delivery.

Ultrasound-responsive nanoparticles are applied in brain tumor therapy for enhanced radiotherapy, gene delivery, immunotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy.

This comprehensive review systematically summarizes... neurological disease treatment (e.g., modulation of neuroplasticity by transcranial DC stimulation).

The document explicitly frames transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a key non-invasive or emerging approach.

The editorial explicitly frames non-invasive pain-relief modalities and names transcranial direct current stimulation as a component intervention class covered in the Research Topic.

In ophthalmology, direct current stimulation has been shown to ameliorate retinal degenerative diseases and central visual dysfunction.

neuromodulation technology is garnering increasing attention from researchers and is currently widely used in brain diseases

Keyword co-occurrence and cluster analysis identified that deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and focused ultrasound stimulation are the most widely used central nerve stimulation techniques in neuromodulation.

This meta-analysis aims to systematically compare the type and frequency of adverse effects, tolerability, and acceptability across different brain stimulation techniques and mental disorders.

Non-invasive brain stimulations (NIBS), such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, transcranial focused ultrasound, and transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS), employ electric currents or acoustic waves to induce and modulate neuroplasticity in humans.

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has been an increasingly used therapeutic modality for neuropsychiatric disorders in recent decades.

Eligible studies include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compare active treatments or an active treatment with sham control, including both parallel group and cross-over studies, as well as prospective non-randomised studies such as case-control studies and pre-post studies investigating adverse effects of non-invasive brain stimulation in psychiatric populations. Included studies report on the frequency of adverse effects in a standardised manner.

Although these methods show promising efficacy, data on their adverse effects remain fragmented and inconsistently reported.

Provided that sufficient data are available and the network of comparisons is adequately connected, a network meta-analysis will be conducted to compare adverse effects and tolerability across interventions.

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a critical interface between the "affective forebrain" ... and the hypothalamic and brainstem areas ... We propose that the BNST mediates conditioned defensive responses ... as consequence the ability of an antecedent stimulus to predict when an aversive outcome will occur.

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST)

This analysis leads us to conclude that BNST's influence is not limited to the generation of anxiety-like responses to diffuse threats, but that it also shapes the impact of discrete threatening stimuli.

We propose that the BNST mediates conditioned defensive responses ... as consequence the ability of an antecedent stimulus to predict when an aversive outcome will occur (i.e., its temporal predictability).

we argue that the BNST is involved in organizing fear responses to stimuli that poorly predict when danger will occur, no matter the duration, modality, or complexity of those stimuli.

recent evidence suggests that there are circumstances in which contextual freezing may persist independent of the BNST.

combinations of small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and other small RNAs

The potential of the endocannabinoids (eCB) system, cholesterol-lowering drugs, metal chelators, and MMPs inhibitors are also explored, culminating in the exploration of the pivotal role of microRNA in AD progression.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression.

Combinations of siRNA, miRNA, and other small RNAs can be used to silence multiple genes simultaneously.

The review describes microRNA as having a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease progression.

Most miRNAs are transcribed as primary miRNAs and processed into precursor miRNAs and then mature miRNAs.

Flavonoids are ubiquitously present in the nature and classified according to their chemical structures for example, flavonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, flavanones, and isoflavones.

Flavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures... Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications.

This review highlights the structural features of flavonoids, their beneficial roles in human health, and significance in plants as well as their microbial production.

The review states that flavonoids exert versatile anti-diabetic activities by modulating targeted cellular signaling networks and improving glucose metabolism, alpha-glucosidase, glucose transport, or aldose reductase pathways in pancreatic beta-cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes, and skeletal myofibres.

The review states that flavonoids have poor bioavailability and that various nano-delivery systems could improve this limitation to enhance therapeutic efficacy against type 2 diabetes.

The review summarizes evidence of flavonoid efficacy in clinical, cellular, and animal studies and discusses anti-diabetic effects on diabetic complications.

we use the photoswitchable interactions between the proteins iLID (improved light-inducible dimer) and nano (wild-type SspB)

Explicitly supported tool/component names recovered from sources include optoDroplets, Corelets, OptoGranules, Cry2, iLID, SspB, ferritin/FTH1, G3BP1, and MBP-based OptoMBP.

we immobilize the photoswitchable protein iLID (improved light-inducible dimer)

Conversely, high ligand densities restrict mobility, enabling adhesion asymmetry and GUV migration upon localized illumination but at the cost of reduced reversibility.

These results define a design space in which both ligand mobility and density must be finely balanced to achieve reversible, light-guided motility.

We find that ligand mobility, while essential for dynamic interactions, can lead to ligand-receptor clustering that disrupts adhesion asymmetry and limits directional motility.

Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases

The gut microbiota has been found to interact with the brain through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, regulating various physiological processes.

The relationship between the gut microbiota and brain function through bidirectional communication, described as "the microbiome-gut-brain axis", is especially underlined.

Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases

The review states that studies have identified a role for the microbiota–gut–brain axis in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Rett syndrome.

The review states that gut microbiota are commonly considered to regulate neurodevelopment through immune, neuronal, and endocrine/systemic pathways that overlap and crosstalk.

The primary sources of signal degradation ... are systematically explored across four major indicator classes: voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs), genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs), calcium-sensitive dyes (CSDs), and genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs).

real-time monitoring of neuronal dynamics shedding light on functional connectivity within the reconstructed circuits by using genetically encoded (calcium) indicators in vivo

More than a decade ago genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) entered the stage as new promising tools to image calcium dynamics and neuronal activity in living tissues and designated cell types in vivo.

The review summarizes mitigation strategies for signal-quality limitations including hardware optimization, sensor choice, sample preparation, experimental design, post-processing, and computational correction methods.

The review classifies common mechanisms that compromise data quality into photon shot noise, device-related errors, and sample-related measurement errors.

Signal degradation in biological optical imaging of membrane voltage and calcium dynamics is organized in this review across four indicator classes: VSDs, GEVIs, CSDs, and GECIs.

Biosensors hold significant potential in advancing microbial metabolic engineering and enhancing substrate-to-product bioconversion.

Biosensors, as key components of these circuits, not only enable precise genetic regulation but also provide real-time monitoring and external interfacing capabilities with diverse signal modalities, including electrical and optical systems.

Emerging methods such as natural products, gene editing, immunotherapy, and auxiliary technologies like nanotechnology and biosensors are becoming alternative strategies for sustainable parasite control.

These methods show significant potential, particularly in preventing drug resistance and reducing environmental impact.

Incorporating dynamic control mechanisms can make synthetic pathways more robust to environmental fluctuations during scale-up and more precisely regulated in therapeutic contexts such as responsive drug delivery.

Emerging methods such as natural products, gene editing, immunotherapy, and auxiliary technologies like nanotechnology and biosensors are becoming alternative strategies for sustainable parasite control.

Chemogenetic methods, which combine the selective expression of designer receptors with designer drugs, have rapidly grown in use in the neurosciences, including in epilepsy.

With the application of new transgenic fluorescent reporter and Cre-driver/reporter lines, plus optogenetic, chemogenetic and viral transduction methods, several additional subtypes of novel striatal GABAergic interneurons have been discovered

Over the past decade, optogenetic and chemogenetic tools have enabled previously impossible levels of functional circuit mapping in neuroscience.

Chemogenetic methods combining designer receptors with designer drugs have rapidly grown in use in neuroscience, including epilepsy.

Current epilepsy pharmacotherapies modulate neuronal excitability, but disrupting patterned neuronal excitation that is essential to normal function leads to side effects.

The efficacy of current pharmacotherapy for epilepsies remains incomplete despite decades of drug development.

Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) offer a powerful means for reversible control of neuronal activity through systemic administration of inert actuators.

Here, we use excitatory and inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) to study the effects of acute chemogenetic manipulations...

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are chemogenetic tools for remote control of targeted cell populations using chemical actuators that bind to modified receptors.

Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) offer a powerful means for reversible control of neuronal activity through systemic administration of inert actuators.

The presence of protein tags significantly influenced expression levels, with co-expressed protein tags reducing overall expression levels.

and increases microglia and astrocyte reactivity

ON bipolar (ON BCs) ... express the opsin ReaChR in Grm6- ... expressing cells

ReaChR expressed in ON-bipolar cells of the rd1 mouse

ON bipolar (ON BCs)

Compared with ON bipolar-cell targeting, retinal ganglion-cell targeting of ReaChR decreased response reproducibility and produced more stereotyped responses with reduced diversity in response polarity, contrast sensitivity, and temporal frequency tuning.

ReaChR expression targeted to ON bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells produced equivalent response sensitivity and contrast encoding across different background irradiances in retinally degenerate mice.

Both ON bipolar-cell and retinal ganglion-cell targeting strategies restored visual responses with high fidelity, but ON bipolar-cell targeting produced a richer visual code closer to wild-type mice.

mitophagy is crucial for degrading damaged mitochondria, thereby supporting neuronal metabolism and energy supply. However, while moderate mitophagy can be beneficial in the context of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury, excessive mitophagy may be detrimental.

Mitophagy is a vital form of autophagy for selective removal of dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria.

The review title explicitly names mitophagy, and the supplied summary states the review centers on major mitophagy targeting modes.

while moderate mitophagy can be beneficial in the context of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury, excessive mitophagy may be detrimental

mitophagy is crucial for degrading damaged mitochondria, thereby supporting neuronal metabolism and energy supply

we further discuss the direct and indirect evidence linking mitophagy to inflammation and autoimmunity underlying the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).

Finally, we highlight how chemical modification, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence-assisted design are enhancing the specificity, stability, and safety of RNA therapeutics.

This article discusses the current advances in three small technologies, RNAs, peptides and nanotechnology, in targeting plant diseases and improving productivity as well as in future research directions for agrochemical innovation.

Emerging methods such as natural products, gene editing, immunotherapy, and auxiliary technologies like nanotechnology and biosensors are becoming alternative strategies for sustainable parasite control.

Chemical modification, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence-assisted design are enhancing the specificity, stability, and safety of RNA therapeutics.

These methods show significant potential, particularly in preventing drug resistance and reducing environmental impact.

Emerging methods such as natural products, gene editing, immunotherapy, and auxiliary technologies like nanotechnology and biosensors are becoming alternative strategies for sustainable parasite control.

It also outlines innovative tools, such as optogenetic and receptor-integrated systems, that enable spatiotemporal control over genome editor expression.

In this review, we provide a brief introduction to optogenetic systems and describe their application to molecular-level analyses of cell signaling.

Several optogenetic systems are introduced as ideal optogenetic tools, and their features are compared.

It also outlines innovative tools, such as optogenetic and receptor-integrated systems, that enable spatiotemporal control over genome editor expression.

enabled the assembly of synthetic systems with applications in areas as diverse as photography, chemical synthesis, and medicine

describe their application to molecular-level analyses of cell signaling

Three classes of flavoprotein photoreceptors, cryptochromes (CRYs), light-oxygen-voltage (LOV)-domain proteins, and blue light using FAD (BLUF)-domain proteins...

We summarize current knowledge of engineering of light-sensitive proteins including ... cryptochrome (CRY2)...

The supplied web research summary states that the review is a broad review of the photolyase/cryptochrome family.

Accordingly, signaling activities of photoreceptors have been intensively studied and the related mechanisms have been exploited in numerous optogenetic tools.

Three classes of flavoprotein photoreceptors, cryptochromes (CRYs), light-oxygen-voltage (LOV)-domain proteins, and blue light using FAD (BLUF)-domain proteins, have been identified

Herein, we summarize the current understanding of photoactivation mechanisms of the flavoprotein photoreceptors and review their applications.

The editorial text also explicitly names supported related items such as oAd-SA, OX40L/PPT nanoparticles, oncolytic viruses, adenoviral vectors, AAVs, extracellular vesicles/exosomes, and DC-targeting lentivectors.

Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm) that play a key role in intercellular communication, have a dual role in HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapy.

development of novel delivery formulations (e.g., nanoparticles, exosomes)

Exosomes are emerging as versatile therapeutic nanocarriers.

Exosomes have a dual role in HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapy.

HIV-1 exploits the exosome pathway by hijacking ESCRT machinery for viral budding and selectively packaging viral components such as Nef to enhance infectivity, promote immune evasion, and establish latent reservoirs.

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) is a highly efficient photosensitizer

The extended time scale and wavenumber range allowed us to monitor the complete excited-state dynamics of the biological chromophore flavin mononucleotide (FMN), both free in solution and embedded in two variants of the bacterial light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) photoreceptor EL222.

a flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor

to utilize AsLOV2, due to its inherent binding propensity to FMN, as a PS vehicle, which is released at a target by light irradiation

The observed lifetimes and intermediate states (singlet, triplet, and adduct) are in agreement with previous time-resolved infrared spectroscopy experiments.

The extended time scale and wavenumber range allowed us to monitor the complete excited-state dynamics of the biological chromophore flavin mononucleotide (FMN), both free in solution and embedded in two variants of the bacterial light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) photoreceptor EL222.

Over the past two decades, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have reshaped our understanding of ALS pathogenesis and emerged as a promising translational platform for therapy development.

We then discuss the challenges and opportunities for each model, including the use of induced pluripotent stem cells and incorporation of sensors and actuator modalities to enhance the capabilities of these models.

This review systematically reviews the research progress of stem cells in the treatment of AS in recent years, focusing on the mechanism of the main cell types such as ... induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)...

Recent clinical trial setbacks highlight the need for robust translational iPSC models that can better predict therapeutic response.

Induced pluripotent stem cells are presented as a promising translational platform for ALS therapy development.

Large iPSC patient cohorts, quantitative phenotyping, genetically informed patient stratification, and reverse translational research are beginning to close the gap between in vitro discovery and clinical testing in ALS.

Ultrasound neuromodulation has emerged as a promising adjunctive therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

The emerging NIBS treatment modality TPS demonstrates promising evidence in modulating symptoms in clinical population of neurocognitive disorders, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Due to its high spatial resolution, good directionality, and convenient operation in neural regulation, it has recently received increasing attention from scientists.

Ultrasound neuromodulation has emerged as a promising adjunctive therapy in Alzheimer's disease.

Therefore, the flexoelectric effect of cell membrane and soliton model reveal that action potential may also be a mechanical wave.

However, the mechanism by which ultrasound regulates the nervous system is still unclear.

Recent advances in CRISPR technologies, including Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, base editing, and prime editing, have enabled targeted modification of genes and regulatory elements controlling yield, stress tolerance, and grain nutritional quality in major cereals such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley.

This review covers the various editing tools and strategies used for precise gene editing in hemophilia, including approaches such as HDR, NHEJ, base editing, prime editing, ex vivo gene editing in iPSCs, and recent LNP-based CRISPR delivery methods for precise editing.

Emerging technologies-base/prime editing, hybrid nucleases, and rigorous monitoring-promise enhanced precision and safety.

Recent advances in CRISPR technologies, including Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, base editing, and prime editing, have enabled targeted modification of genes and regulatory elements controlling yield, stress tolerance, and grain nutritional quality in major cereals such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley.

This review covers the various editing tools and strategies used for precise gene editing in hemophilia, including approaches such as HDR, NHEJ, base editing, prime editing, ex vivo gene editing in iPSCs, and recent LNP-based CRISPR delivery methods for precise editing.

Gene editing for hemophilia is an emerging approach that aims to provide a permanent cure by editing the mutated gene precisely or targeted integration of coagulation factor cDNA into the host genome for stable expression.

advances in genome editing technologies, ranging from CRISPR-Cas nucleases to base and prime editors

This review provides an introduction to the state-of-the-art gene editing tools-including ZFNs, TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9 systems, base editors, and prime editors-and evaluates their application in lipid metabolic pathways central to CVD pathogenesis.

Progress in CRISPR tools-CRISPR nucleases, base editors and prime editors-has expanded the toolkit to induce targeted insertions or deletions, nucleotide conversions and a wider array of genetic alterations.

Advances in CRISPR-Cas nucleases, base editors, and prime editors are expanding the therapeutic landscape beyond traditional gene knockout approaches.

This review provides an introduction to the state-of-the-art gene editing tools-including ZFNs, TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9 systems, base editors, and prime editors-and evaluates their application in lipid metabolic pathways central to CVD pathogenesis.

Delivery challenges, long-term safety, immune responses, and editing specificity are critical considerations for safe and effective integration of CRISPR technologies into medicine.

This review aims to systematically compile the principles regulating LLPS... and we will also examine the significance of physiological phase separation and its connection to pathological phase transitions.

Supported directly by the review title: "Biomolecular condensates: molecular structure, biological functions, diseases, and therapeutic targets".

Membraneless assemblies known as biomolecular condensates have been reported to play key roles in many cellular functions by compartmentalizing specific proteins and nucleic acids in subcellular environments with distinct properties.

Physiological phase separation is connected to pathological phase transitions including conversion from a liquid to a solid state.

Physicochemical properties, molecular structures, and post-translational modifications affect condensate formation.

This review covers biomolecular condensate molecular structure, biological functions, diseases, and therapeutic targets.

This is primarily due to limitations in directed evolution, fitness landscape mapping, and fitness approximation.

Traditional methods for developing these biosensors rely on rational design, but directed evolution methods offer a more efficient alternative.

Here we use rational protein design and directed evolution to develop two new ARGs

This is primarily due to limitations in directed evolution, fitness landscape mapping, and fitness approximation.

Directed evolution offers a more efficient alternative than rational design for developing fluorescent genetically encoded biosensors.

Rational protein design and directed evolution produced two new acoustic reporter genes distinguishable by acoustic pressure-response profiles, enabling two-tone ultrasound imaging of gene expression.

This review examines the technical evolution of FUS and its expanded applications in GBM, including subtypes of low- and high-intensity FUS and their mechanistic contributions to therapeutic effect.

At the other end of the spectrum, low-intensity focused ultrasound has been demonstrated in both neuromodulation and blood-brain barrier opening to allow the entry of therapeutic molecules into the central nervous system.

Currently, FUS has been clinically applied for targeted brain ablation (high intensity [HIFU]) and neuromodulation (low intensity [LIFU])

Low-intensity focused ultrasound has been demonstrated for neuromodulation and blood-brain barrier opening to allow therapeutic molecules to enter the central nervous system.

Currently, FUS has been clinically applied for targeted brain ablation (high intensity [HIFU]) and neuromodulation (low intensity [LIFU]), with recent basic science applications of sonogenetics and targeted drug delivery through the BBB (Precise Intracerebral Noninvasive Guided, or PING, Surgery) offering new opportunities for clinical translation.

Higher level evidence is needed to elucidate the efficacy of LIFU and HIFU for the treatment of epilepsy.

Optogenetics, a revolutionary technique utilizing light-sensitive proteins (opsins) to control the activity of genetically targeted cells

Optogenetics is the use of genetically coded, light-gated ion channels or pumps (opsins) for millisecond resolution control of neural activity.

we summarize four major classes of optical tools to manipulate neuromodulatory GPCR signaling: opsins

Targeting opsin expression to specific cell types and neuronal pathways can expand understanding of the neural basis of normal and pathological behavior.

Optogenetics uses genetically coded light-gated ion channels or pumps to achieve millisecond-resolution control of neural activity.

These emerging techniques targeting specific members of the GPCR signaling pathway offer an expansive base for investigating GPCR signaling in behavior and disease states, in addition to paving a path to potential therapeutic developments.

Title: "Photoswitchable fluorescent proteins: ten years of colorful chemistry and exciting applications"; web research summary states the review centers on reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs), their switching mechanisms, and applications.

Many of these techniques also depend strictly on the use of unique fluorescent proteins (FPs) with special photoswitching properties. These photoswitchable FPs are capable of switching between two states in response to light.

Some of them possess kindling property, some are photoactivatable, and some are photoswitchable.

All localization precision and patterned illumination techniques-such as photo-activation localization microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, reversible saturable optically linear transitions, and saturated structured illumination microscopy-take advantage of these inherent switching properties to achieve superior spatial resolution.

PubMed abstract indicates the review centers on reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs), their switching mechanisms, and applications in superresolution imaging...

These photoswitchable FPs are capable of switching between two states in response to light.

Combined with state-of-the-art advanced microscopy approaches, including ultrafast single-molecule imaging and super-resolution microscopy, these probes facilitate high-resolution and quantitative analyses of lipid organization.

Herein we wish to fill this gap by providing the readers with an up-to-date summary of fluorogenic probes applied to super-resolution imaging of cellular structures.

different QD-based imaging applications will be discussed ... ranging from super-resolution microscopy and single-particle tracking over in vitro cell and tissue imaging to in vivo investigations.

Lipid probes combined with ultrafast single-molecule imaging and super-resolution microscopy facilitate high-resolution and quantitative analyses of lipid organization.

Several excellent reviews summarize recent developments in SRM techniques, labeling techniques or different aspects of small synthetic fluorophores, however there is no comprehensive review on fluorogenic probes suitable for super-resolution microscopy.

Herein we wish to fill this gap by providing the readers with an up-to-date summary of fluorogenic probes applied to super-resolution imaging of cellular structures.

it is necessary to assess the influence of the tested compounds on cellular processes such as the cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy, and apoptosis.

Reactive Oxygen Species Across Death Pathways: Gatekeepers of Apoptosis, Ferroptosis, Pyroptosis, Paraptosis, and Beyond.

The supplied web research summary states that the 2018 NCCD recommendations explicitly cover intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis.

To develop effective anti-cancer therapy, it is essential to understand the processes regulating the progression and suppression of a given type of cancer. For this reason, it is necessary to assess the influence of the tested compounds on cellular processes such as the cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy, and apoptosis.

Anchor article: the 2018 Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) recommendations is a broad consensus review that explicitly covers major regulated cell death modalities including intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis, MPT-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, and immunogenic cell death.

its role in apoptosis and necrosis can vary markedly in different cell contexts, and NF-kappaB can sensitize cells to death-inducing stimuli in some instances

applications based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with fluorescent materials

Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology ... provide a powerful tool for visualizing signaling molecules in live cells with high spatiotemporal resolution.

ET acceptor/sensitization properties which have been ascribed to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)...

The MC form not only gives complexes with various inorganic particles, biological molecules, and organic chemicals but also acts as the energy acceptor (of energy from fluorescent molecules) during energy transfer processes that take place under proper conditions.

Cumulatively, data suggests that AuNC sensitization is not by classical FRET or NSET...

FRET theory dramatically underestimated the observed energy transfer...

The functional role of the CeA in feeding regulation was examined using chemogenetic and optogenetic activation.

Further, we demonstrate that optogenetic activation of CIII md neurons evokes calcium increases in these neurons.

The abstract reports optogenetic activation of GABAergic LPBN neurons and optogenetic activation of glutamatergic LPBN neurons.

Optogenetic activation of CIII md neurons evokes calcium increases in these neurons.

Co-activation of CIII md neurons with additional cell types facilitates larval contraction responses.

Optogenetic activation of GABAergic LPBN neurons alleviates neuropathic pain-like behavior without affecting basal nociception.

VND transcription factors regulate xylem development by orchestrating secondary cell wall biosynthesis and programmed cell death.

OpenAlex concepts for this review include Programmed cell death.

The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factors have emerged as major regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) whether via apoptosis or necrosis.

Vascular-related NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) domain (VND) transcription factors regulate xylem development by orchestrating secondary cell wall biosynthesis and programmed cell death.

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018

improper regulation of PCD by NF-kappaB can have severe pathologic consequences, ranging from neurodegeneration to cancer, where its activity often precludes effective therapy

Root traits and root and leaf transcripts for abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) pathways were quantified.

the review explores the critical cross-talk between CDPKs signaling networks and phytohormone pathways, particularly abscisic acid (ABA)

Functional analysis revealed DEGs involved in four major hormone signaling pathways (auxin (AUX/IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and brassinosteroid (BR)).

In leaves, FsK broadly affected ABA biosynthetic and homeostasis genes (ZEP1, NCED1, ABA2, AAO1, ABA-GT, BG1), indicating reduced de novo synthesis with enhanced deconjugation of stored ABA.

Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid signaling pathways play central roles in chrysanthemum host defense.

the critical cross-talk between CDPKs signaling networks and phytohormone pathways, particularly abscisic acid (ABA), and their integration with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MAPK signaling cascades

light-gated ion channels shape ion flux

They are categorized into light-gated ion channels and light-driven ion pumps. While the former passively transport various types of cations and anions in a light-dependent manner...

role of intracellular calcium and light-gated ion channels

light-gated ion channels shape ion flux; photoswitchable enzymes and receptors modulate signaling pathways; light-controlled protein interactions tune function; and light-regulated gene expression

Light-driven ion pumps actively transport specific ions including H+, Na+, and Cl- using light energy, in contrast to light-gated ion channels that passively transport ions.

The paper implicates intracellular calcium and light-gated ion channels in the blue- and green-light photobiomodulation effect on osteoblastic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells.

It systematically summarizes strategies for optimizing LNP composition, introduces innovative synthesis methods and AI-driven formula optimization, and explores targeted delivery strategies.

This article elaborates on the research progress of novel drug delivery systems in glioma treatment, including various nanocarriers, targeted delivery strategies, and gene therapy drug delivery systems.

The patents showed a strong focus on targeted delivery strategies, combinatorial approaches, and RNA interference technologies.

The article reviews research progress in glioma drug delivery systems, including nanocarriers, targeted delivery strategies, and gene therapy delivery systems.

It systematically summarizes strategies for optimizing LNP composition, introduces innovative synthesis methods and AI-driven formula optimization, and explores targeted delivery strategies.

The patents showed a strong focus on targeted delivery strategies, combinatorial approaches, and RNA interference technologies.

reversal of T-cell exhaustion using immune checkpoint inhibitors

immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as atezolizumab and nivolumab, have shown promising outcomes

Recent advances in the clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors, combination therapy strategies, and mechanisms of resistance are discussed.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as atezolizumab and nivolumab show promising outcomes when combined with anti-VEGF treatments in hepatocellular carcinoma.

similar pathological substrates have gained further attention as potential biomarkers of ICI-sensitivity and oncological prognosis

In particular, it is reported that ICI treatment can unleash PNSs

the developmental regulator Clp1

we found crosstalk between UPR and the b target Clampless1 (Clp1), which is essential for cell cycle release and proliferation in planta.

Clp1 (clampless 1), a protein required for the distribution of nuclei during cell division of the dikaryon

Crosstalk between the UPR and pathways controlling pathogenic development is mediated by protein-protein interactions between the UPR regulator Cib1 and the developmental regulator Clp1.

We show that increased ER stress resistance is connected to Clp1-dependent alterations of Cib1 phosphorylation, protein stability and UPR gene expression.

Cib1/Clp1 complex formation results in mutual modification of the connected regulatory networks thereby aligning fungal proliferation in planta, efficient effector secretion with increased ER stress tolerance and long-term UPR activation in planta.

This review explores the diverse functions of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling in cancer development and progression.

Disrupted hypoxia sensing-exemplified by deficient hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling-leads to placental maldevelopment, while sustained HIF activation drives preeclampsia-like pathology.

In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of hypoxia and HIFs in disease that have emerged from studies of zebrafish disease models.

In cancer, HIF signaling promotes angiogenesis through upregulation of VEGF expression, enhances the Warburg effect, facilitates invasion and metastasis through EMT and matrix remodeling, and mediates therapeutic resistance partly via drug efflux pumps and DNA damage repair.

Oxygen-dependent hydroxylation of proline and asparagine residues in HIF-α subunits is a key regulatory mechanism for HIF stability and transcriptional function.

HIF-1α and HIF-2α regulate genes linked to invasion, metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and therapy resistance and mediate a significant portion of the hypoxic response.

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are key Ca2+ sensors that decode stress-induced calcium signatures through substrate phosphorylation, ROS regulation, kinase cross-talk, and precise spatiotemporal activity.

characterizing the cellular [Ca2+]cyt-sensors (such as calmodulin, calcineurin B-like proteins and calcium-dependent protein kinases)

whereas others are of very novel kind, like calcium-dependent protein kinases

Recent advances demonstrating the potential of manipulating specific CDPKs isoforms to enhance multi-stress resilience in transgenic plants are also summarized

the functional redundancy and specificity within large CDPKs gene families, which enable precise responses to specific stresses

the central role of CDPKs in mediating plant tolerance to drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures

retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) ... express the opsin ReaChR in ... Brn3c-expressing cells

retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)

multielectrode array recordings of retinal explants revealed robust and uniform light-evoked firing when LiGluR-MAG0(460) was targeted to RGCs

Compared with ON bipolar-cell targeting, retinal ganglion-cell targeting of ReaChR decreased response reproducibility and produced more stereotyped responses with reduced diversity in response polarity, contrast sensitivity, and temporal frequency tuning.

ReaChR expression targeted to ON bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells produced equivalent response sensitivity and contrast encoding across different background irradiances in retinally degenerate mice.

In visually intact retinas, retinal ganglion-cell-targeted ReaChR expression disrupted visual feature selectivity of individual retinal ganglion cells.

The formation of an immunotolerant tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important promoter of tumor progression, treatment resistance and a poor prognosis.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) regulates essential tumor survival and promotion functions.

The title directly names the cancer microenvironment, and the supplied summary describes the review as focused on in vitro modeling of the tumor microenvironment.

In gastric cancer, formation of an immunotolerant tumor microenvironment promotes tumor progression, treatment resistance, and poor prognosis.

The gastric cancer tumor microenvironment includes cellular and non-cellular elements, including extracellular matrix, that induce immune tolerance through multiple mechanisms.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts reorganize the surrounding matrix to create migration-guiding tracks for cancer cells.

recent evidence suggests that lactate plays dual roles in the nervous system: neuroprotective and neurotoxicity.

Lactate, the final product of glycolysis, is also pivotal in contributing to drug resistance in HCC.

Lactate generated by aerobic glycolysis is an essential substrate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and for post-translational modifications via histone lactylation and epigenetic regulation. It also serves as a signaling molecule that modulates macrophage polarization between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes.

Lactate has dual roles in the nervous system, including neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects.

These mechanisms interact synergistically, allowing HCC cells to endure and proliferate despite targeted therapies, ultimately resulting in drug resistance.

Lactate, the final product of glycolysis, is also pivotal in contributing to drug resistance in HCC.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a crucial process that influences the spatial organization of cells.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is responsible for the emergence of intracellular membrane-less organelles and the development of coacervate protocells.

These cell condensates, typically termed liquid-like droplets, are formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).

Liquid-liquid phase separation influences the spatial organization of cells.

Physiological phase separation is connected to pathological phase transitions including conversion from a liquid to a solid state.

Dysregulation of liquid-liquid phase separation can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, developmental disorders, and impaired immune responses.

chemists have been fascinated by photosensitive molecules capable of switching between isomeric forms, known as photoswitches.

Here we review recent progress in subdiffraction‐resolution fluorescence imaging microscopy using various photoswitchable fluorophores and strategies. Special emphasis will be placed on the design and development of photoswitches and the requirements photoswitches have to fulfill for successful use in photoswitching microscopy.

Optical control elements can be classified according to their molecular reversibility as non-reversible phototriggers where light breaks a chemical bond (e.g. caged ligands) and as photoswitches that reversibly photoisomerize.

Biological modulation by photoswitchable peptides is driven by structural changes associated with incorporated photoswitches.

Here we review recent progress in subdiffraction‐resolution fluorescence imaging microscopy using various photoswitchable fluorophores and strategies.

Moreover, we demonstrate how photoswitches can be used advantageously for molecular quantification, i.e. the determination of densities and absolute numbers of proteins located in specific subcellular compartments

With the development of optogenetics and thermogenetics, the molecular tools for cellular control are continuously being optimized, studied, and modified, expanding both their applications and their biomedical uses.

These approaches include optogenetics (overviewed in Part I), as well as chemogenetics and thermogenetics (described here, in Part II)

In fly neuroscience, temperature-controlled perturbation of neural activity, sometimes called "thermogenetics," has been an invaluable tool that predates the advent of optogenetics.

Optogenetic and thermogenetic activation methods are described as extending beyond neurobiology into cardiovascular research, potential cancer therapy, and metabolic control.

Optogenetic and thermogenetic activation methods are used beyond neurobiology, including in cardiovascular research, potential cancer therapy, and metabolic control.

The review considers applications of optogenetic and thermogenetic molecular tools for activation of non-neuronal tissues and mammalian cells.

Subcutaneous deschloroclozapine in rats transfected with AAV9 resulted in a substantial reduction of food-intake, comparable to the efficacy of exenatide. We estimated that the effect of deschloroclozapine lasts 1-3 h post-administration.

This study investigates the in vivo electrophysiological effects of DREADD actuation by deschloroclozapine.

Actuator ligands low-dose clozapine (CLZ) and deschloroclozapine (DCZ) are highly selective for DREADDs... Low-dose DCZ did not induce consistent changes in rs-FC or INTs prior to the expression of DREADDs; however, a high dose resulted in subject-specific changes in rs-FC and INTs.

AAV5, oral administration of deschloroclozapine, and clozapine-N-oxide were also effective but with slightly less potency.

Subcutaneous deschloroclozapine in rats transfected with AAV9 resulted in a substantial reduction of food-intake, comparable to the efficacy of exenatide.

We estimated that the effect of deschloroclozapine lasts 1-3 h post-administration.

Additionally, we discuss advancements in FUS neuromodulation, which could complement lesioning by providing temporary or reversible symptom relief.

Ultrasonic neuromodulation has the unique potential to provide non-invasive control of neural activity in deep brain regions with high spatial precision and without chemical or genetic modification.

These efforts have resulted in already-useful neuroscience tools, including high-resolution hemodynamic functional imaging, focused ultrasound neuromodulation, and local drug delivery.

Focused ultrasound neuromodulation could complement lesioning by providing temporary or reversible symptom relief.

Future MRgFUS developments may include frameless technology, staged bilateral procedures, and integration of neuromodulation to enable more precise adaptive therapies.

These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the effect of ultrasound on neurons to facilitate the further development of ultrasonic neuromodulation and sonogenetics as tools for neuroscience research.

Gamma oscillation is the synchronization with a frequency of 30-90 Hz of neural oscillations, which are rhythmic electric processes of neuron groups in the brain.

Scientists are gradually moving away from the simple assumption, as proposed in the original amyloid hypothesis, to new theories of pathogenesis, including gamma oscillations, prion transmission, cerebral vasoconstriction, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1α (GHSR1α)-mediated mechanism, and infection.

Activity in the theta, beta, and gamma bands is related to communication between PFC and different brain areas.

Abnormal gamma oscillations have been linked to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.

Gamma oscillations control connectivity between different brain regions and are important for perception, movement, memory, and emotion.

Brain inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic imbalances can disrupt the interneuron network required for gamma oscillations.

The Cas9 from Neisseria meningitidis (Nme) is a particularly small and target-specific Cas9 orthologue

The Cas9 from Neisseria meningitidis ( Nme )

the smaller and more target-specific Neisseria meningitidis (Nme) Cas9 orthologue

Two AcrIIC3-LOV2 hybrids from our collection potently blocked NmeCas9 activity in the dark, while permitting robust genome editing at various endogenous loci upon blue light irradiation.

Together, our work demonstrates optogenetic regulation of a type II-C CRISPR effector and might suggest a new route for the design of optogenetic Acrs.

Here, we report the first optogenetic tool to control NmeCas9 activity in mammalian cells via an engineered, light-dependent anti-CRISPR (Acr) protein.

to stimulate the capacity to regenerate cardiomyocytes via stem cell therapy have been under intensive research interest

Furthermore, we explore emerging strategies, including gene therapy, stem cell therapy, cell type-specific neuromodulation, and AI-driven techniques for objective, unbiased pain assessment and research.

Current technology iterations, such as gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and optogenetics, are advancing towards precise diagnosis and clinical applications.

These innovative approaches are poised to revolutionize pain management, paving the way for the discovery of safer and more effective analgesics.

Acute pain management has historically been dominated by opioids, whose efficacy is overshadowed by the risks of addiction, tolerance, and dependence, culminating in the global opioid crisis. To transcend this issue, we must innovate beyond opioid-based μ receptor treatments, identifying nonopioid analgesics with high efficacy and minimal adverse effects.

Furthermore, we explore emerging strategies, including gene therapy, stem cell therapy, cell type-specific neuromodulation, and AI-driven techniques for objective, unbiased pain assessment and research.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has demonstrated curative potential in select cancers, but its translation to solid tumors such as ovarian cancer (OC) has been hindered by multiple factors.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT), which involves in vitro expansion or genetic engineering of immune cells, is a promising approach to bolster anti-tumor immune responses.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has shown remarkable success in the treatment of some malignancies, particularly leukemia.

Key barriers, including limited T cell persistence, antigen escape, and T cell exhaustion, are explored alongside strategies to enhance efficacy.

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has demonstrated curative potential in select cancers, but its translation to solid tumors such as ovarian cancer (OC) has been hindered by multiple factors, including tumor heterogeneity, immune exclusion, and a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

Key barriers ... are explored alongside strategies to enhance efficacy through cytokine armoring, checkpoint modulation, metabolic reprogramming, and gene editing.

Among them, CaMKIIδB and δ9 in the heart, and CaMKIIγ in the nervous system, have emerged as regulators of chromatin dynamics, transcription factor activity, and developmental gene programs.

The supplied web research summary identifies CaMKII as a candidate molecular storage component relevant to synaptic memory.

The transcription factor ΔFosB and the brain-enriched calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIα) are induced in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) by chronic exposure to cocaine.

CaMKIIδB and CaMKIIδ9 in the heart and CaMKIIγ in the nervous system have emerged as regulators of chromatin dynamics, transcription factor activity, and developmental gene programs.

In the nervous system, CaMKIIγ contributes to kinase-dependent gene expression and may influence plasticity and disease susceptibility.

CaMKII is required for cocaine-mediated accumulation of ΔFosB in rat nucleus accumbens.

In rodents, the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model has been used to understand the neurobiology underlying stress susceptibility versus resilience following social trauma

CSDS is one of the most frequently used models for depression, but it is limited to the study of male mice.

glutamatergic vHIP afferents to NAc regulate susceptibility to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)

Following chronic social defeat stress, a subset of male and female mice classified as susceptible avoid social interaction with non-aggressive same-sex juvenile C57BL/6J mice and fail to develop context-dependent social reward from those encounters.

CSDS is one of the most frequently used models for depression but is limited to the study of male mice.

CRS, CUMS, and CSDS have been used to recapitulate depression-like behaviors in rodents and to study underlying mechanisms.

This review focuses on studies that have used these circuit-based approaches to gain a more detailed, more comprehensive, and more integrated view on how the PFC governs anxiety and fear

Here, we use estrogenic regulation of episodic memory as an example of how circuit-based approaches may be incorporated into future studies of hormones and cognition.

This Review focuses on studies that have used circuit-based approaches to gain a more detailed, and also more comprehensive and integrated, view on how the brain governs fear and anxiety and how it orchestrates adaptive defensive behaviours.

allowing direct examination of hypotheses drawn from existing psychological concepts

rodent models hold great promise in dissecting well-conserved circuits

Newly developed genetic and viral tools and optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques have revealed the intricacies of neural circuits underlying anxiety and fear

This review synthesizes emerging insights into the diverse roles of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and other circular nucleic acids in viral infection and immunity.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a subtype of RNA molecules, possess distinctive characteristics, including their closed circular structure, stability, tissue specificity and long half-life compared to their linear counterparts.

Circular RNAs: Key Regulators of Tumor Metabolic Reprogramming and Clinical Translation

Notably circRNAs have been associated with the development or progression of diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative disorders), highlighting diagnostic and therapeutic potential.

Insight into their diverse functions revealed their roles, including regulating various cellular processes such as gene expression, transcription, translation into proteins (e.g., cap-independent translation), binding to microRNAs (miRNAs), and interacting with proteins.

These molecules display a striking duality-capable of activating antiviral defenses through pattern recognition receptors such as RIG-I and PKR, yet also exploited by viruses as modulators of immune evasion.

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a critical DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway that operates throughout the cell cycle to maintain the genomic stability of the cell.

non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which often results in mutations such as deletions or frameshift errors

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the major pathway for the repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in human cells...

Dysregulation in the NHEJ pathway contributes to genomic instability, oncogenesis, and resistance to genotoxic therapies.

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a critical DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway that operates throughout the cell cycle to maintain the genomic stability of the cell. Unlike homologous recombination (HR), NHEJ is capable of repairing DSBs without the need for a homologous template

The implementation of DNA-PK inhibitors into medical practice can enable the stratification of oncologic patients into two categories, based on the tumors' vulnerability to NHEJ disruptions. Thus, the therapeutic pathways of patients with NHEJ tumors could branch, combining traditional genotoxic therapies (radiation and DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics) with DNA-PK inhibitors to achieve an enhanced effect and improved survival outcomes.

To conclude, we survey techniques for elucidating lipid-protein interactions, including photoaffinity labeling and proximity labeling.

This review, emerging from forum discussions, highlights the latest advancements in molecular tools-such as ... proximity labeling...

Research in this area has been greatly accelerated by the invention of proximity labeling (PL) techniques. By employing engineered enzymes capable of tagging proteins and other molecules in vivo, PL allows real-time mapping of biomolecular interactions within native environments.

In plants, the implementation of PL presents unique challenges but has nonetheless emerged as a powerful tool.

Research in this area has been greatly accelerated by the invention of proximity labeling (PL) techniques.

Collectively, these strategies are revealing new insights into the regulation, dynamics, and functions of lipids in cell biology.

CAR-T cells demonstrating remarkable efficacy against hematological malignancies. However, the effectiveness of CAR-T and other lymphocyte-based therapies against solid tumors remains limited, primarily due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and poor infiltration of effector cells.

CAR-T cells, which implement protein-based logic using antigen-derived input signals

Genetic mutations play a role in the efficacy of CAR-T and CAR-NK cells

Differences in logic behavior across therapeutic modalities arise from the nature of the input signals and from the molecular implementations that govern signal propagation and amplification.

Genomic profiling and personalized engineering approaches can refine CAR therapies to overcome resistance and enhance precision in AML treatment.

Mutations in DNMT3A and NPM1 enhance antigen expression and thereby improve CAR targeting in AML.

Dissection of cell signaling requires tools that can mimic spatiotemporal dynamics of individual pathways in living cells.

During the last 100 years, cell signaling has evolved into a common mechanism for most physiological processes across systems.

Inductive Tissue Interactions, Cell Signaling, and the Control of Kidney Organogenesis

Dissection of cell signaling requires tools that can mimic spatiotemporal dynamics of individual pathways in living cells.

The message is thus relayed from the membrane to the nucleus where gene expression ns, subsequent translations, and protein targeting to the cell membrane and other organelles are triggered.

Here, we review how the messages are transferred from the first messenger (the ligand) to the receptor, and then decoded with the help of cascades of second messengers (kinases, phosphatases, GTPases, ions, and small molecules such as cAMP, cGMP, diacylglycerol, etc.).

Gas therapy, mediated by hydrogen-releasing nanomaterials, exerts immunomodulatory effects by scavenging ROS and regulating the inflammatory microenvironment.

Gas therapy, which utilizes the unique properties of gas molecules such as nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide, is emerging as a promising and innovative strategy to address these challenges.

synergistic multimodal therapies, including chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and gas therapy

Due to its unique bioactivity, low resistance, and synergy with existing treatments, gas therapy has demonstrated significant potential in the prevention and treatment of biofilm-associated infections.

Future efforts should prioritize the integration of nanotechnology and mechanistic studies to unlock broader therapeutic utility.

However, overcoming delivery challenges, validating efficacy in large-scale trials, and developing standardized protocols are essential for its clinical translation.

The expression of Immediate Early Genes (IEGs) such as, c-fos, Egr1 and arc are selectively and promptly upregulated in learning and memory among neuronal subpopulations in regions associated with these processes.

Immediate early genes (IEGs) are critical components of these interactions as they provide the molecular framework for a rapid and dynamic response to neuronal activity while opening the possibility for a lasting and sustained adaptation through regulation of the expression of a wide range of genes.

the expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs) such as egr-1, c-fos, and Arc is rapidly and selectively upregulated in subsets of neurons

Although many studies support changes in immediate early gene expression during learning and memory, few studies directly analyze the implication of these genes in mental illnesses.

Immediate early genes including c-Fos, Egr1, and Arc are selectively and rapidly upregulated during learning and memory in neuronal subpopulations associated with these processes.

Many psychiatric disorders share deficits in executive functions, emotional control, and memory, and memory deficits may be undervalued relative to other characteristics.

Emerging methods such as natural products, gene editing, immunotherapy, and auxiliary technologies like nanotechnology and biosensors are becoming alternative strategies for sustainable parasite control.

synergistic multimodal therapies, including chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and gas therapy

To date, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and cell transplantation trials have had both promising and disappointing results.

These methods show significant potential, particularly in preventing drug resistance and reducing environmental impact.

Emerging methods such as natural products, gene editing, immunotherapy, and auxiliary technologies like nanotechnology and biosensors are becoming alternative strategies for sustainable parasite control.

However, these approaches remain at an early research stage, with issues such as unstable efficacy, limited validation in field conditions and uncertain long-term safety hindering their translation into practice.

Editorial: Advancing the Frontiers of Non-Invasive Neuromodulation in Research and Clinical Practice

Non-invasive neuromodulation presents as an exciting potential adjunctive therapy for people with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).

Non-invasive neuromodulation has also shown some promise in modulating the visual cortex

The paper is an editorial focused on advancing non-invasive neuromodulation in research and clinical practice.

Although current visual neurorestoration methods have shown promise individually, improvements in vision have been modest at best.

Non-invasive neuromodulation has shown some promise in modulating the visual cortex.

Notably, bibliometric analysis revealed that besides metal-based nanoparticles, viral-like particles, polymer nanoparticles, and lipid nanoparticles in the field of delivery system research...

It encompasses organic nanomaterials, including nanobubbles and polymer nanoparticles

The review highlights recurring themes including lipid/polymer nanoparticles.

Research on nanoparticles in influenza is rapidly advancing with a primary focus on vaccine development and delivery optimization.

Optimizing delivery systems and advancing vaccine development are central research priorities in nanoparticle influenza research.

Metal-based nanoparticles, viral-like particles, polymer nanoparticles, and lipid nanoparticles are prominent nanoparticle classes in influenza delivery-system research.

the review explores the critical cross-talk between CDPKs signaling networks and phytohormone pathways, particularly abscisic acid (ABA), and their integration with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MAPK signaling cascades

Moreover, the plant stress tolerance is suggested to be influenced by stress-induced signalling mechanisms, which are mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS).

ROS (reactive oxygen species) cause severe cellular damage by peroxidation and de-esterification of membrane-lipids, however, current models also define a pivotal signaling function of ROS in triggering tolerance against stress.

Plant stress tolerance is influenced by stress-induced signaling mechanisms mediated by reactive oxygen species.

through substrate phosphorylation, ROS regulation, kinase cross-talk, and precise spatiotemporal activity, playing a central role in orchestrating plant responses to abiotic stress

the critical cross-talk between CDPKs signaling networks and phytohormone pathways, particularly abscisic acid (ABA), and their integration with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MAPK signaling cascades

Recent efforts in bottom-up synthetic biology focus on fabricating programmable biological units that can be viewed as synthetic cells.

Synthetic cells (SynCells) are artificial constructs designed to mimic cellular functions

Can we build a living cell from non-living molecular components? This foundational question drives the field of synthetic cell engineering

Synthetic cells offer insights into fundamental biology and have promising potential in medicine, biotechnology, and bioengineering.

Key challenges remain on the path toward building autonomous synthetic cells.

Synthetic cells are artificial constructs designed to mimic cellular functions.

This review, emerging from forum discussions, highlights the latest advancements in molecular tools-such as ... synthetic receptors...

Synthetic receptors and genetic circuits are powerful tools to customize the cellular sense-and-response process, suggesting their underlying roles in precise control of cell fate decision and function reconstruction.

Synthetic receptors, a synthetic biology tool that can precisely control the function of therapeutic cells and genetic modules, have been rapidly developed and applied as a powerful solution.

highlights the latest advancements in molecular tools-such as super-resolution imaging, proximity labeling, bioorthogonal chemistry, synthetic receptors, and single-cell spatial omics-that enable unprecedented insights into spatial, molecular, and functional aspects of CCC

Emphasizing their translational potential, we discuss their profound implications for immuno-oncology, regenerative medicine, and autoimmune diseases.

they can be applied to finetune the therapeutic activities, i.e., to regulate production of dosed, bioactive payloads by sensing and processing user-defined signals or biomarkers

These signaling pathways include... the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system are the two major quality control pathways responsible for cellular homeostasis.

A dynamic equilibrium between biosynthesis and biodegradation of sub-cellular components by ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy is found to be responsible for sustaining the homeostasis of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons.

Through current study, an attempt is made to outline and highlight a wide variety of inflammation-associated signaling pathways that have been modified by several natural compounds. These signaling pathways include nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), activator protein (AP)-1, protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factors, tyrosine phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system are the two major quality control pathways responsible for cellular homeostasis.

Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system intersect and communicate at multiple points to coordinate proteostasis and organelle homeostasis.

such as channelrhodopsin (ChR), archaerhodopsin (Arch), and halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR)

We focus on the use of channelrhodopsin and the inhibitory optogenetic tools, archaerhodopsin and halorhodopsin...

We injected mRNA for various proteins, including Channelrhodopsins and Archaerhodopsin, into 1-8 cell embryos

Channelrhodopsin, archaerhodopsin, and NpHR are examples of optogenetic tools applied in oral and craniofacial research for neural mechanism studies and in vivo oral behavioral test models.

focusing on the ability to apply optogenetics to the study of basic scientific neural mechanisms and to establish different oral behavioral test models in vivo (orofacial movement, licking, eating, and drinking), such as channelrhodopsin (ChR), archaerhodopsin (Arch), and halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR)

The review highlights both benefits and caveats of optical approaches for acute brain slice studies and functional studies in vivo.

Finally, this review highlights the synergistic interaction between this technology and cell-free synthetic biology, achieved through the integration of in vitro assembly and cellular regulation, thereby opening new pathways for the rational design of artificial life systems.

Cell-free synthetic biology is a powerful technology that is gaining increasing popularity due to its ability to perform complex biochemical reactions in a well-controlled environment, isolated from the intricacies of living cells.

Integration of cell-free synthetic biology enables nanomaterials with genetic-circuit-driven responses to biological cues, allowing expression of bioactive compounds precisely when and where needed.

Although it has demonstrated significant success in genetic part characterization and high-throughput protein production without the constraints of cellular membranes

Cell-free synthetic biology is a powerful technology that is gaining increasing popularity due to its ability to perform complex biochemical reactions in a well-controlled environment, isolated from the intricacies of living cells.

cell-free systems still face several challenges. These include the limited volume available for transcription-translation machinery, the difficulty in standardizing cell lysis procedures, and the variability in cell extract performance across different laboratories.

Macrophages play a central role in this transition through phenotype switching from a pro-inflammatory (M1) to a pro-resolving, anti-inflammatory (M2) state.

By integrating insights into macrophage polarization, metabolic modulation, autophagy promotion, and cell death regulation, HDTs offer innovative and multifaceted approaches to TB treatment.

It also serves as a signaling molecule that modulates macrophage polarization between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes in response to inflammatory and metabolic signals in their local environment.

Macrophages play a central role in this transition through phenotype switching from a pro-inflammatory (M1) to a pro-resolving, anti-inflammatory (M2) state.

Emerging evidence highlights the critical interplay between microbiome-mediated signaling and macrophage plasticity in shaping wound outcomes, suggesting that similar mechanisms operate within the oral cavity.

Inflammation is an essential component of wound repair, and its resolution is necessary to promote tissue remodeling and functional regeneration.

Mechanistic studies revealed that mechanosensitive ion channels play a pivotal role, as their inhibition (via GdCl₃) abolished the ultrasonic effect.

In this review, we first discuss mechanosensitive ion channels, the most commonly utilized sonogenetic mediators, in both mammalian and non-mammalian systems.

Mechanosensitive channels (MSCs) play an important role in how cells transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical or chemical signals.

Mechanistic studies revealed that mechanosensitive ion channels play a pivotal role, as their inhibition (via GdCl₃) abolished the ultrasonic effect.

In this review, we first discuss mechanosensitive ion channels, the most commonly utilized sonogenetic mediators, in both mammalian and non-mammalian systems.

In this review, we first discuss mechanosensitive ion channels, the most commonly utilized sonogenetic mediators, in both mammalian and non-mammalian systems.

Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for high-yield de novo biosynthesis of 5-aminovaleramide, a promising bio-based monomer.

The review further discusses insect counterstrategies and explores cutting-edge technologies-CRISPR/Cas9, RNA interference, and metabolic engineering that are reshaping pest management.

Growth-coupled bioproduction (GCBP) is a metabolic engineering approach...

The paper reports metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for de novo biosynthesis of 5-aminovaleramide.

In growth-coupled bioproduction, product yield is primarily limited by pathway constraints and these constraints can be overcome by further metabolic engineering.

Integrating growth-coupled bioproduction with metabolic engineering and improved computational design has the potential to reshape industrial biotechnology toward robust and efficient bioproduction.

metabolic reprogramming

We discuss strategies that incorporate cytokine engineering, metabolic reprogramming, and logic-gated activation to counteract the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

Metabolic reprogramming in immune and endothelial cells (ECs) is being studied extensively... nitric oxide, hypoxia-inducible factor, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase have been discussed for their common involvement in metabolic reprogramming of both systems.

We discuss the optimization of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specifically for NK cells, the integration of immune checkpoint resistance, metabolic reprogramming, and the incorporation of cytokine support to improve survival and potency.

Cytokine engineering, metabolic reprogramming, and logic-gated activation are discussed as strategies to counteract the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

Immune cells and endothelial cells can both undergo a Warburg-like metabolic switch that favors glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation under aerobic conditions.

nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks, and conductive polymers improve protein immobilization and charge conduction.

special focus is given to their assembly into porous crystalline networks such as metal/covalent–organic frameworks (MOFs/COFs)

The fields of metal-organic cages (MOCs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are both highly topical and continue to develop at a rapid pace.

nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks, and conductive polymers improve protein immobilization and charge conduction.

special focus is given to their assembly into porous crystalline networks such as metal/covalent–organic frameworks (MOFs/COFs), surface-mounted frameworks (SURMOFs), metal–organic cages/rings (MOCs), cross-linked polymer gels, porous organic polymers (POPs), and related architectures

The stability of both classes of material is compared, particularly in relation to their applications in guest storage and catalysis.

Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus.

Incorporating molecular photoswitches into various materials provides unique opportunities for controlling their properties and functions with high spatiotemporal resolution using remote optical stimuli.

The former reviews different approaches of incorporating molecular photoswitches into various materials classes with different degrees of order, and the photoinduced effects that can be invoked therein.

Water solubility is crucial for applying photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, including photopharmacology.

Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision using light as an external stimulus.

Typical photoswitches are often inherently lipophilic because they use extended aromatic systems for visible-light responsiveness.

key plant defense signaling hormones such as jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid increased

treating young Alnus rubra trees with the plant hormones methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid

Jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene are crucial signaling molecules that regulate internal and external communication, including herbivore defense and microbial interactions.

when key plant defense signaling hormones such as jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid increased

Jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene are crucial signaling molecules that regulate internal and external communication including herbivore defense and microbial interactions.

Concurrent induction of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways produced leaf composition changes distinct from either pathway alone.

This study conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on 22 fresh PitNET samples.

Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed high CHRM1 and CHRM3 expression in primary DMG samples.

By contrast, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can measure thousands of features, is quantitative, and allows for an unbiased classification of cell types.

CD4+ regulatory T cells and T follicular helper cells are significantly enriched in the PIT1 lineage relative to TPIT and SF1 lineages.

Collagen-expressing CAF3 is significantly enriched in the PIT1 lineage compared with TPIT and SF1 lineages.

Inflammatory CAF5 is predominantly found in the TPIT lineage relative to PIT1 and SF1 lineages.

This review, emerging from forum discussions, highlights the latest advancements in molecular tools-such as super-resolution imaging...

Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy and super-resolution microscopy are important elements of the ongoing technical revolution to reveal biochemical and cellular processes in unprecedented clarity and precision.

individual mKikGR proteins can be localized with a precision of better than 10 nanometers, suggesting their suitability for super-resolution imaging.

highlights the latest advancements in molecular tools-such as super-resolution imaging, proximity labeling, bioorthogonal chemistry, synthetic receptors, and single-cell spatial omics-that enable unprecedented insights into spatial, molecular, and functional aspects of CCC

Emphasizing their translational potential, we discuss their profound implications for immuno-oncology, regenerative medicine, and autoimmune diseases.

The review covers organic fluorophores and fluorescent proteins used for particle tracking, single-molecule FRET, stoichiometry determination, and super-resolution imaging.

The emerging fields of ultrasound stimulation and drug delivery are garnering increasing attention and hold the potential to become significant areas of scholarly investigation.

We further identify an acoustoelectric contribution to conventional ultrasound stimulation

ultrasound stimulation can be a viable non-invasive alternative approach for the sight restoration because of its ability to non-invasively control neuronal activities

Ultrasound stimulation and drug delivery are identified as emerging fields attracting increasing attention in medical ultrasound research.

These findings establish acoustoelectric neuromodulation as a distinct mechanism of neural activation and a significant contributor to how ultrasound stimulation influences brain activity

We further identify an acoustoelectric contribution to conventional ultrasound stimulation, arising from the interaction between ultrasound-induced electrical signals and propagating acoustic waves.

This review summarizes recent preclinical studies using viral and non-viral vectors

significantly expanding the therapeutic landscape using viral and non-viral vectors

In this review, we will discuss the most commonly used tools for the delivery of genetic material in the CNS, including viral and non-viral vectors; their main applications; their advantages and disadvantages.

using viral and non-viral vectors

Challenges in atrial targeting, immune control, and durable expression are barriers to atrial fibrillation gene-therapy translation.

Recent preclinical atrial fibrillation gene-therapy studies include viral vectors, non-viral vectors, atrial-specific delivery strategies, and targets involving ion channels, fibrosis, and oxidative stress.

This review focuses on current in vivo CAR-T delivery strategies, including viral vectors (such as lentiviruses, γ-retroviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and viral-like particles)...

Since 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved seven new viral vector-based gene therapies, five of which use adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, reinforcing their status as the leading platform for in vivo gene delivery.

Twenty macaque monkeys were evaluated after being injected with adeno-associated virus vectors expressing the DREADDs hM4Di or hM3Dq

Since 2021, the FDA has approved seven new viral vector-based gene therapies.

Current in vivo CAR-T delivery platforms are engineered to achieve efficient, specific, and safe CAR transgene transfer.

Disease-specific patterns of capsid usage indicate advancement in tailored capsid engineering based on anatomical targeting needs.

Nanobodies (single-domain antibodies, VHHs) have emerged as versatile tools for evaluating and treating Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Research hotspots include transcranial magnetic stimulation, noninvasive brain stimulation, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.

The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation is currently used primarily in neurological diseases, particularly in studies of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Research hotspots in the analyzed literature include transcranial magnetic stimulation, noninvasive brain stimulation, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.

However, all nanobody applications in AD are discussed strictly as preclinical therapeutic potential rather than established clinical therapies, and direct clinical evidence in patients with AD is still lacking.

Mutations in genes that encode essential autophagy factors result in impaired autophagy and lead to neurodegenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

healthy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis stem cells

The role of TDP-43 mislocalization in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Mutations in genes that encode essential autophagy factors result in impaired autophagy and lead to neurodegenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Further, the manner and extent to which non-cell autonomous effects of autophagy dysfunction contribute to ALS pathogenesis are not fully understood.

Here, we review the current understanding of the interplay between autophagy and ALS pathogenesis by providing an overview of critical steps in the autophagy pathway, with special focus on pivotal factors impaired by ALS-causing mutations, their physiologic effects on autophagy in disease models, and the cell type-specific mechanisms regulating autophagy in non-neuronal cells which, when impaired, can contribute to neurodegeneration.

Bacterial phytochrome photoreceptors (BphPs) ... possess the near-infrared (NIR) absorbance spectra that make them promising molecular templates to design NIR fluorescent proteins (FPs) and biosensors

Interestingly, natural Bacterial Phytochrome Photoreceptors (BphPs) utilize the low molecular weight biliverdin, found in most mammalian tissues, as a photoreactive chromophore. Due to their near-infrared absorbance BphPs are preferred templates for designing optical molecular tools for applications in mammals.

The paper reports bacteriophytochrome-derived photoactivatable near-infrared fluorescent proteins.

The review compares phenotypes of current BphP-based near-infrared fluorescent proteins with fluorescent proteins derived from cyanobacteriochromes and allophycocyanins.

Bacterial phytochromes, some cyanobacteriochromes, and allophycocyanins are promising molecular templates for designing near-infrared fluorescent proteins and biosensors.

Bacterial phytochrome photoreceptors use biliverdin, a chromophore found in most mammalian tissues, which supports their use as templates for mammalian optical tools.

In this review, we describe the known changes in Ca2+-signaling and the detection and activity of CBPs in the nervous system of vertebrate and invertebrate models during hibernation, focusing on cytosolic Ca2+ buffers and calmodulin.

The occurrence in plants of calmodulin (CaM) ... indicate that plants possess specific tools and machineries to convert Ca2+ signals into appropriate responses.

characterizing the cellular [Ca2+]cyt-sensors (such as calmodulin, calcineurin B-like proteins and calcium-dependent protein kinases)

In this review, we describe the known changes in Ca2+-signaling and the detection and activity of CBPs in the nervous system of vertebrate and invertebrate models during hibernation, focusing on cytosolic Ca2+ buffers and calmodulin.

CaM, CMLs, CDPKs, and CBLs are presented as plant calcium-sensing or decoding machineries that convert Ca2+ signals into appropriate responses.

Conversion of Ca2+ signals into biological responses requires Ca2+ sensors for decoding and relaying.

they offer a promising alternative to protein-based systems such as TetON/OFF or CRISPR-Cas.

The field has evolved from protein-based systems (e.g., zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases) to RNA-guided systems (e.g., CRISPR-Cas) that can control both genetic and epigenetic states.

PubMed indexes the editorial with the keyword 'crispr cas', and the source PDF notes FungalBraid toolkit support for CRISPR/Cas systems.

Synthetic riboswitches offer a promising alternative to protein-based systems such as TetON/OFF or CRISPR-Cas.

RNA-guided systems (e.g., CRISPR-Cas) that can control both genetic and epigenetic states.

The field has evolved from protein-based systems (e.g., zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases) to RNA-guided systems (e.g., CRISPR-Cas)

Here, we use the CRY2-CIB1 optogenetic system to recruit and cluster a cytosolic Cdc42 variant at the plasma membrane

Here, we use the CRY2-CIB1 optogenetic system to recruit and cluster a cytosolic Cdc42 allele at the plasma membrane

We implemented the CRY2-CIB1 optogenetic system for acute light-dependent protein recruitment to the plasma membrane

We conclude that scaffold-mediated positive feedback, gated by Ras activity, confers robust polarization for rod-shape formation.

We implemented the CRY2-CIB1 optogenetic system for acute light-dependent protein recruitment to the plasma membrane

optogenetic recruitment of constitutively active Cdc42 leads to co-recruitment of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Scd1 and endogenous Cdc42, in a manner dependent on the scaffold protein Scd2

A novel therapeutic strategy integrating Focused Ultrasound Stimulation (FUS) with DBS...

The document explicitly frames focused ultrasound stimulation (FUS) as a key non-invasive or emerging approach.

Keyword co-occurrence and cluster analysis identified that deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and focused ultrasound stimulation are the most widely used central nerve stimulation techniques in neuromodulation.

DBS modulates neural firing patterns and promotes neuroplasticity, while FUS allows for precise, transient disruption of the brain barrier (BBB), enhances drug delivery, and induces localized neuro-thermal effects, potentially aiding neuroprotection and neurotransmitter regulation.

This combined modality leverages the continuous neuromodulation of DBS with the non-invasive, precise targeting of FUS, enhancing therapeutic efficacy through complementary mechanisms.

neuromodulation technology is garnering increasing attention from researchers and is currently widely used in brain diseases

Since lipid rafts (high-order plasma membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingomyelin [SM]) have been implicated in facilitating phagocytosis, we evaluated whether these ordered domains govern macrophages' ability to phagocytose C. neoformans.

Lipid rafts serve as anchoring platforms for membrane proteins.

Lipid rafts and sphingolipid-induced protein scaffolds will be discussed as a membrane interface for lipid-controlled cell signaling.

Lipid rafts are critical for facilitating FcγRIII-mediated phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by macrophages.

Cholesterol or sphingomyelin depletion causes deficient IgG-mediated phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Repletion with the raft-promoting sterol 7-dehydrocholesterol rescues phagocytic deficiency caused by membrane perturbation, whereas the raft-inhibiting sterol coprostanol decreases IgG-mediated phagocytosis.

KEGG pathway enrichment highlighted predominant associations with plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway.

The present review elucidates the capacity of andrographolide to inhibit signaling pathways, namely... mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways...

These signaling pathways include... mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)...

KEGG pathway enrichment highlighted predominant associations with plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway.

Under cold stress, seedlings displayed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD, 546.08 U/g min FW) and peroxidase (POD, 153.27 U/g min FW) activities within 4 h compared with the control.

Prolonged exposure (8 h) further elevated soluble sugar content (406.27 μg/g FW), malondialdehyde (MDA, 80.22 nmol/g), relative electrical conductivity (109.71%), and the carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio, indicating oxidative damage and membrane instability.

Central is a bioinformatics-guided antigen selection framework spanning multi-omics analysis, immunogenicity prediction, and vaccine design.

Assisted by new technologies and research paradigms such as multi-omics analysis and de novo protein design

different -omics analyses were conducted... Multi-omics analysis aimed to identify ABA-dependent, ABA-independent, or stress-dependent markers

A bioinformatics-guided antigen selection framework for therapeutic HPV vaccines spans multi-omics analysis, immunogenicity prediction, and vaccine design.

Multi-omics analysis and de novo protein design are emerging strategies that assist development of novel genetically encoded biosensors.

Emerging strategies provide a promising avenue for development of novel tailored genetically encoded biosensors for various applications.

nanocarriers, which encode logic chemically in response to tumor microenvironmental cues

This article elaborates on the research progress of novel drug delivery systems in glioma treatment, including various nanocarriers, targeted delivery strategies, and gene therapy drug delivery systems.

Nanocarriers are rapidly growing in popularity in the field of drug delivery. The ability of nanocarriers to encapsulate and distribute poorly soluble drugs while minimising their undesired effects is significantly advantageous over traditional drug delivery.

Differences in logic behavior across therapeutic modalities arise from the nature of the input signals and from the molecular implementations that govern signal propagation and amplification.

CAR-T cells implement protein-based logic using antigen-derived input signals, whereas nanocarriers encode logic chemically in response to tumor microenvironmental cues.

The article reviews research progress in glioma drug delivery systems, including nanocarriers, targeted delivery strategies, and gene therapy delivery systems.

The phytochemicals in these phenolic compounds are believed to have a variety of beneficial effects on human health. The antioxidant potential of phenols has been discussed in numerous studies along with their anti-inflammatory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine, inducible cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase.

Synthetic heterocyclic compounds have incredible potential against different diseases; ... phenolic compounds ... have shown excellent antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-melanogenic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, DNA binding and chemosensing activities.

In plant tissues many phenolic compounds (in addition to tocopherols) are potential antioxidants: flavonoids, tannins and lignin precursors may work as ROS-scavenging compounds.

The antioxidant potential of phenols has been discussed in numerous studies along with their anti-inflammatory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine, inducible cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase.

The review compares reported drugs with newer synthetic derivatives from the last five years using minimum inhibitory concentration and structure-activity relationship framing.

The review summarizes pyridine scaffolds, phenolic compounds, and azo derivatives as broad chemotype families with reported antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-melanogenic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, DNA-binding, and chemosensing activities.

advances in genome editing technologies, ranging from CRISPR-Cas nucleases to base and prime editors

This review provides an introduction to the state-of-the-art gene editing tools-including ZFNs, TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9 systems, base editors, and prime editors-and evaluates their application in lipid metabolic pathways central to CVD pathogenesis.

Progress in CRISPR tools-CRISPR nucleases, base editors and prime editors-has expanded the toolkit to induce targeted insertions or deletions, nucleotide conversions and a wider array of genetic alterations.

Advances in CRISPR-Cas nucleases, base editors, and prime editors are expanding the therapeutic landscape beyond traditional gene knockout approaches.

This review provides an introduction to the state-of-the-art gene editing tools-including ZFNs, TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9 systems, base editors, and prime editors-and evaluates their application in lipid metabolic pathways central to CVD pathogenesis.

Delivery challenges, long-term safety, immune responses, and editing specificity are critical considerations for safe and effective integration of CRISPR technologies into medicine.

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has reshaped therapeutic strategy by catalytically eliminating pathogenic proteins through engagement with endogenous proteolytic systems.

PROTACs have been revolutionary in drug development rendering targeted protein degradation (TPD) as an emerging therapeutic modality.

The title names "targeted protein degraders" and the supplied summary states that the review is a broad review on targeted protein degradation centered on heterobifunctional PROTACs.

In contrast to conventional inhibitors that transiently block enzymatic activity, TPD achieves durable target silencing by physically removing the protein entirely, thereby overcoming resistance mechanisms and extending therapeutic durability.

However, clinical translation of existing TPD platforms, including PROTACs and molecular glues, remains limited by poor bioavailability, off-target toxicity, and suboptimal tissue selectivity.

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has reshaped therapeutic strategy by catalytically eliminating pathogenic proteins through engagement with endogenous proteolytic systems.

Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, are wired into neural circuits through close contact with neuronal pre- and post-synapses, called tripartite synapses.

The title explicitly frames the review as 'a tripartite view' on cortical circuit development involving astrocytes, neurons, and synapses.

High-signal enrichment leads cluster around the main mechanisms emphasized by the review: astrocyte-driven synaptogenesis, synapse elimination/pruning, tripartite-synapse structural/functional regulation, gliotransmission and D-serine-dependent plasticity, and neurotransmitter uptake/homeostasis.

Mutual communication between neurons and astrocytes is crucial for neural circuit dynamics and animal behaviour.

This review synthesizes evidence about astrocytes, neurons, and synapses as a tripartite framework for cortical circuit development.

It includes the emerging functions of astrocytes, such as a role in synapse formation, as well as more established roles, including the uptake and recycling of neurotransmitters.

including nanoparticle-based tumor vaccines for antigen presentation, checkpoint modulation and gene silencing via nanocarriers, tumor microenvironment reprogramming

reprogramming of the TME

TME can be reprogrammed by using a range of NCs to regulate immunosuppressive factors and activate immunostimulatory cells.

We then systematically categorize emerging nano-immunotherapeutic strategies into four major classes, including nanoparticle-based tumor vaccines for antigen presentation, checkpoint modulation and gene silencing via nanocarriers, tumor microenvironment reprogramming, and the controlled induction of immunogenic cell death.

The tumor microenvironment has a major role in malignancy and can mediate tumor survival, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug resistance.

Nanocarriers can reprogram the tumor microenvironment by regulating immunosuppressive factors and activating immunostimulatory cells.

In this Review, we appraise a decade of advances that define near-term (immediate) translation based on all-optical electrophysiology, including high-throughput screening, cardiotoxicity testing and personalized medicine assays.

The review explicitly centers optogenetic/all-optical electrophysiology for phenotypic screening.

Here we review the fundamental aspects of bioelectricity with the aim of laying a conceptual framework for all-optical electrophysiology.

In this Review, we appraise a decade of advances that define near-term (immediate) translation based on all-optical electrophysiology, including high-throughput screening, cardiotoxicity testing and personalized medicine assays.

This review centers optogenetic and all-optical electrophysiology approaches for phenotypic screening in drug discovery.

Optogenetic tools are not electrodes; thus, optical and electrode-based measurements have different quirks.

Key approaches of ultrasound-membrane interaction include cavitation, sonoporation, and mechanotransduction

This technique utilizes the principles of cavitation and sonoporation to enhance the delivery of genes or drugs to target tissue.

These techniques build on fundamental phenomena such as cavitation, microstreaming, scattering, and acoustic radiation forces

which have been harnessed in drug delivery, therapeutics, and diagnostics

Key approaches of ultrasound-membrane interaction include cavitation, sonoporation, and mechanotransduction

UTMD uses cavitation and sonoporation to enhance delivery of genes or drugs to target tissue.

In this review, we will focus on recent papers that have used optogenetic and chemogenetic tools, which are time-restricted and cell-type specific, to investigate astrocytic involvement in memory.

For example, we review sex differences in the metabolism of chemogenetic ligands and their downstream signaling effects.

while chemogenetic tools are difficult to control in space and time

optogenetic and chemogenetic tools, which are time-restricted and cell-type specific

In this review, we will focus on recent papers that have used optogenetic and chemogenetic tools, which are time-restricted and cell-type specific, to investigate astrocytic involvement in memory.

Together, our findings suggest that these neuroscientific tools may sometimes work differently in males and females and that users should be aware of these differences when applying these methods.

Recent advances in nucleic acid-based platforms, particularly mRNA and DNA vaccines, have accelerated clinical translation.

This review explores the cutting-edge platforms-including mRNA, DNA, virus-like particles, viral and bacterial vectors, and bacteriophage-based vaccines

Here we review next-generation vaccine strategies, focusing on nucleic acid-based platforms such as mRNA, DNA, and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), as well as viral vector vaccines.

Recent advances in mRNA and DNA vaccine platforms have accelerated clinical translation of therapeutic cancer vaccines.

The review covers mRNA, DNA, virus-like particle, viral vector, bacterial vector, and bacteriophage-based vaccine platforms as innovations redefining antigen delivery to the immune system.

Here we review next-generation vaccine strategies, focusing on nucleic acid-based platforms such as mRNA, DNA, and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), as well as viral vector vaccines. We also examine nanoparticle technologies that serve as delivery systems or adjuvant platforms across these approaches.

The web research summary states that the anchor paper explicitly reports glutamatergic neurotransmission for sugar-triggered transmission.

PubMed/PMC text confirms major themes including glutamatergic neurotransmission, epidemiology, and gene-environment interplay.

Therapies that target glutamatergic neurotransmission are available, but many have met with difficulty because of untoward adverse effects.

The key mechanistic anchors for downstream extraction are ... differential purinergic versus glutamatergic neurotransmission.

The review frames schizophrenia as shaped by converging human genetics, neurodevelopment, glutamatergic synapse biology, and epidemiologic or environmental risk factors.

Evidence points to a shared glutamate pathology for epilepsy and other central nervous system disorders including depression.

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the primary imaging modalities used to evaluate metastatic tumors and to differentiate metastatic tumors from other diseases.

Therefore, this review aims to investigate the current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy based on various technologies, including electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep brain stimulation, and brain-computer interfaces.

A 59-year-old man previously diagnosed with right spermatic cord hydrocele on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) presented with new-onset right groin pain and swelling.

Interpretation of imaging findings plays a crucial role in diagnosis and follow-up of metastatic tumors at rare sites and may inform treatment decisions.

CT and MRI are the primary imaging modalities used to evaluate metastatic tumors and to differentiate them from other diseases, particularly primary organ tumors or inflammatory conditions.

Therefore, this review aims to investigate the current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy based on various technologies, including electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep brain stimulation, and brain-computer interfaces.

Anchor document verified as a 2026 commentary in International Journal of Biological Sciences (doi:10.7150/ijbs.129515; PMID:41694591; PMCID:PMC12905643) that defines “spatial pharmacology” as therapeutic modulation of organelle membrane contact sites (MCSs).

The non-vesicular exchange of lipids, ions and metabolites at membrane contact sites in between organelles has also been found to depend on phosphoinositides.

Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are specialized subcellular compartments formed by closely apposed membranes from two organelles.

The source defines spatial pharmacology as therapeutic modulation of organelle membrane contact sites.

Non-vesicular exchange of lipids, ions, and metabolites at membrane contact sites depends on phosphoinositides.

Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are specialized subcellular compartments formed by closely apposed membranes from two organelles. The intermembrane gap is separated by a distance ranging from 10 to 35 nm. MCSs are typically maintained through dynamic protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.

The key directions in this field contain cardiac tissue engineering, biosensor, targeted drug delivery and molecular imaging.

This review article will discuss how nanoparticles can be used as molecular imaging agents to detect and monitor cancer progression.

The review title explicitly names 'Molecular imaging in living subjects'.

Key directions in nanotechnology for ischemic cardiomyopathy include cardiac tissue engineering, biosensors, targeted drug delivery, and molecular imaging.

how nanoparticles can be used as molecular imaging agents to detect and monitor cancer progression

Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light

PA imaging uses NIR light to excite nanoparticles, generating ultrasound signals that are reconstructed into images, enabling real-time monitoring and assessment of RA joints.

Photoacoustic imaging, renowned for its noninvasive nature, high-resolution capabilities, and cost-effectiveness, is well recognized for its role in early diagnosis, dynamic monitoring, and surgical guidance in stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury.

for the ultrasound imaging (USI) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI)-guided synergistic chemo-FUAS therapy of tumor

PA imaging uses NIR light to excite nanoparticles, generating ultrasound signals that are reconstructed into images, enabling real-time monitoring and assessment of RA joints.

Photoacoustic imaging is recognized for early diagnosis, dynamic monitoring, and surgical guidance in stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury.

Advancements in photoacoustic and related optical or acoustic neuromodulation technologies may enhance nerve function remodeling and improve outcomes in spinal cord injury.

For clarity of discussion, we divide the known photoswitchable proteins into different categories: protein motifs, ion channels, receptors, and enzymes.

Examples of using photoswitchable proteins, their substrates, inhibitors and ligands containing azobenzene...

Recently, a new class of fluorescent proteins was discovered that can be reversibly light-switched between a fluorescent and a non-fluorescent state.

For clarity of discussion, we divide the known photoswitchable proteins into different categories: protein motifs, ion channels, receptors, and enzymes.

The source considers examples using photoswitchable proteins and azobenzene-containing substrates, inhibitors, ligands, and nucleic-acid derivatives for nanomachine design.

Mechanistic insights from the asFP595 study can guide rational design and optimization of photoswitchable proteins.

Algae utilize various light-sensitive proteins-including ... retinal-based rhodopsins...

Algae utilize various light-sensitive proteins-including ... retinal-based rhodopsins ... to sense and integrate both light quality and quantity.

The Automatic Rhodopsin Modeling ( ARM ) protocol is focused on providing exactly the necessary computational tools to study rhodopsins, those being either natural or resulting from mutations.

Algae use multiple photoreceptor classes including phototropins, cryptochromes, aureochromes, BLUF proteins, rhodopsins, phytochromes, neochromes, and UV-B photoreceptors to sense and integrate light quality and quantity.

Algae utilize various light-sensitive proteins-including flavin-based receptors (phototropins, cryptochromes, aureochromes, BLUF proteins), retinal-based rhodopsins, tetrapyrrole-based phytochromes, hybrid neochromes, and UV-B photoreceptors - to sense and integrate both light quality and quantity.

Animal and microbial rhodopsins respectively possess 11-cis and all-trans retinal, respectively... While animal rhodopsins are G protein coupled receptors, the function of microbial rhodopsins is highly divergent. Many of the microbial rhodopsins are able to transport ions in a passive or an active manner.

The supplied review scaffold explicitly highlights platform/delivery challenges including LNP and saRNA design.

future directions-including thermostable formulations, self-amplifying RNA, and AI-guided lipid discovery

Here we review next-generation vaccine strategies, focusing on nucleic acid-based platforms such as mRNA, DNA, and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), as well as viral vector vaccines.

The review covers preclinical mRNA tuberculosis vaccine efficacy and mechanisms, platform and delivery challenges including LNP and saRNA design, and early human clinical translation represented by BNT164.

Finally, we outline manufacturing and regulatory considerations and map future directions-including thermostable formulations, self-amplifying RNA, and AI-guided lipid discovery-to address translational bottlenecks and expand global access to LNP-based cancer vaccines.

and saRNA prototypes protecting against plague in animals

The supplied source summary states that the review explicitly covers single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM; including PALM, STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM).

Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) image quality and resolution strongly depend on the photoswitching properties of fluorophores used for sample labeling.

single-molecule localization and image reconstruction ... This review will explain the principles and requirements of single-molecule based localization microscopy

Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) image quality and resolution strongly depend on the photoswitching properties of fluorophores used for sample labeling.

The review groups PALM, STORM/dSTORM, and GSDIM under single-molecule localization microscopy.

This review covers major super-resolution microscopy modality families including SIM, STED/RESOLFT, and single-molecule localization microscopy.

This review summarises the biological rationale, vector platforms, and delivery routes relevant to AMD, with emphasis on adeno-associated virus (AAV) systems, capsid engineering, and compartment-specific administration.

Recent advances in capsid engineering, tissue-specific promoters, and delivery strategies have enhanced podocyte targeting while minimizing off-target effects.

the delivery of genome editors to the outer retina remains suboptimal, prompting intensive efforts in capsid engineering and the development of non-viral delivery systems.

This review summarises the biological rationale, vector platforms, and delivery routes relevant to AMD, with emphasis on adeno-associated virus (AAV) systems, capsid engineering, and compartment-specific administration (intravitreal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal).

Advances in capsid engineering, tissue-specific promoters, and delivery strategies have enhanced podocyte targeting while minimizing off-target effects.

the delivery of genome editors to the outer retina remains suboptimal, prompting intensive efforts in capsid engineering and the development of non-viral delivery systems

AAV5, oral administration of deschloroclozapine, and clozapine-N-oxide were also effective but with slightly less potency.

Our results were cross-validated using two different chemogenetic actuators, clozapine (CLZ) and clozapine-N-oxide (CNO).

We show fast glial response upon clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) administration in cortical and subcortical regions.

AAV5, oral administration of deschloroclozapine, and clozapine-N-oxide were also effective but with slightly less potency.

Our results were cross-validated using two different chemogenetic actuators, clozapine (CLZ) and clozapine-N-oxide (CNO).

We show fast glial response upon clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) administration in cortical and subcortical regions.

Its ability to interact with the endocannabinoid system to reduce nociception (pain perception) and inflammation makes it particularly suitable for the complex symptom burden of patients with head and neck cancer.

The endocannabinoids system (ECS) has garnered considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target in various carcinomas and cancer-related conditions alongside neurodegenerative diseases.

A growing body of work indicates that the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is an integral regulator of the stress response.

The review states that medical cannabis interacts with the endocannabinoid system to reduce nociception and inflammation.

Endocannabinoid signaling is an important brain regulatory system that largely buffers against many effects of stress, and dynamic changes in this system contribute to different aspects of the stress response.

Human translational studies indicate that endocannabinoid signaling regulates many of the same stress-related domains and that impairments in this system may be involved in vulnerability to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder.

epigenetic reprogramming to preserve T-cell stemness and functionality

approaches aimed at overcoming T-cell dysfunction through ... epigenetic reprogramming

Emerging evidence highlights hypoxia-centered signaling cascades, epigenetic reprogramming, and metabolic plasticity as pivotal regulators of trophoblast adaptation.

To improve CAR-T-cell function in solid tumors, numerous studies have explored multiple strategies: engineering CARs to boost immune synapse formation via optimized receptor clustering, increasing the ITAM number/strength to amplify downstream signaling, and incorporating novel/multiple co-stimulatory domains to sustain T-cell activation and persistence. Additionally, approaches include the use of CAR-T cells that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, epigenetic reprogramming to preserve T-cell stemness and functionality, and the use of synthetic biology tools for tunable/logic-gated CAR activation.

Emerging evidence highlights hypoxia-centered signaling cascades, epigenetic reprogramming, and metabolic plasticity as pivotal regulators of trophoblast adaptation.

Intrinsic checkpoint rewiring, cytokine armoring, and epigenetic reprogramming are approaches aimed at overcoming T-cell dysfunction to sustain antitumor activity in hostile microenvironments.

The glymphatic system is a glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the central nervous system, devoted to drain away waste metabolic products and soluble proteins such as amyloid-beta.

SD is also shown to affect the glymphatic system, a glial-dependent metabolic waste clearance pathway, causing accumulation of misfolded faulty proteins in synaptic compartments resulting in cognitive decline.

Smaller blood clots may obstruct the perivascular (Virchow-Robin) space and thereby the glymphatic system with detrimental consequences for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/interstitial fluid (ISF) flow.

Sleep deprivation affects the glymphatic system, a glial-dependent metabolic waste clearance pathway, and is associated with accumulation of misfolded proteins in synaptic compartments and cognitive decline.

The review proposes that after intraventricular rt-PA therapy, smaller clots and blood derivatives can enter perivascular spaces, obstruct glymphatic clearance, and impair CSF/ISF flow.

Obstruction and insufficient function of arterial granulations by ISF containing blood cells and proteins is proposed to contribute to malresorptive hydrocephalus after IVH.

We discuss emerging strategies aimed at overcoming these obstacles, such as combinatorial antigen targeting, immune checkpoint blockade, synthetic biology tools, and gene editing technologies.

Finally, we outline future directions: logic-gated CARs, iPSC-derived NK platforms, and combinatorial approaches with immune checkpoint blockade.

The supplied source summary explicitly states that the review spans CTLA-4/PD-1 checkpoint blockade and clinical translation.

We discuss emerging strategies aimed at overcoming these obstacles, such as combinatorial antigen targeting, immune checkpoint blockade, synthetic biology tools, and gene editing technologies.

Future directions in engineered NK therapy include logic-gated CARs, iPSC-derived NK platforms, and combinations with immune checkpoint blockade.

This review synthesizes cancer immunotherapy from T-cell basic science through clinical practice, including checkpoint blockade, adoptive cellular therapy, CAR-T, and neoantigen-directed approaches.

Results highlight that targeting synaptic plasticity mechanisms, such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression, shows promise.

we will consider the role of DA as neuromodulator of two forms of synaptic plasticity, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)

The title asks whether plasticity of synapses is the mechanism of long-term memory storage, and the supplied web research summary states that foundational LTP papers establish synaptic plasticity as a memory model discussed by the review.

Targeting synaptic plasticity mechanisms such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression shows promise in these neurodegenerative diseases.

The review frames dopamine as a neuromodulator of long-term potentiation and long-term depression in several cortical and subcortical areas.

Long-term potentiation is treated as a foundational physiological model underlying synaptic plasticity accounts of memory in the review context.

emerging strategies like dual-targeting and stimuli-responsive designs

Particular emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive designs ... as emerging strategies to enhance co-delivery efficacy.

Next-generation platforms achieve dynamic control over cellular processes by integrating stimuli-responsive designs, immune modulation strategies, and mechano-sensitive systems.

often synergized with exogenous stimuli (e.g., radiation) to spatiotemporally upregulate P-selectin expression

Next-generation nanomaterial platforms achieve dynamic control over cellular processes by integrating stimuli-responsive designs, immune modulation strategies, and mechano-sensitive systems.

Particular emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive designs, biomimetic surface engineering, and artificial intelligence-assisted optimization as emerging strategies to enhance co-delivery efficacy.

TAX1BP1 facilitates the xenophagic clearance of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The autophagy pathway is an essential component of host defense against viral infection, orchestrating pathogen degradation (xenophagy), innate immune signaling, and certain aspects of adaptive immunity.

The supplied web research summary states that the anchor review is centered in part on microbial clearance/xenophagy.

The review states that TAX1BP1 facilitates xenophagic clearance of pathogenic bacteria including Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Autophagy contributes to antiviral defense through xenophagy, innate immune signaling, and aspects of adaptive immunity.

The review covers xenophagy as an autophagy-related mechanism for microbial clearance in immunity.

Acoustic reporter genes (ARGs) are biological elements used for deep tissue imaging, with gene clusters over 8 kb.

This new type of GVs can be stably produced in bacteria and is able to be imaged by clinical ultrasound machines in vivo and in vitro.

Gas vesicles (GVs) based on acoustic reporter genes have emerged as potent contrast agents for cellular and molecular ultrasound imaging.

ARGs are often tested on plasmids, which hinders stable expression in vivo and limits the space for inserting components that regulate drug release.

Gas vesicles based on acoustic reporter genes are potent contrast agents for cellular and molecular ultrasound imaging.

The supplied web research summary identifies EPR heterogeneity and translation as an explicitly source-aligned area relevant to the anchor review and notes that accumulation and performance differ substantially across models and settings.

Anchor review confirmed: 2020 Journal of Oncology review on how nanoparticle size, surface charge, shape, coating/protein corona, and mechanical properties influence biodistribution and tumor targeting. High-signal enrichment leads cluster into: (1) foundational EPR and delivery-efficiency papers.

The web research summary states that the anchor article emphasizes biological delivery constraints in tumors, especially the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) framework and its limitations.

The enhanced permeability and retention effect is presented as heterogeneous and therefore insufficient as a uniform assumption for precision nanomedicine design.

The anchor article is a 2017 Nature Reviews Cancer review on cancer nanomedicine that emphasizes three recurring enrichment themes also strongly represented in the surrounding literature: (1) biological delivery constraints in tumors, especially the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) framework and its limitations

the synthetic biology platforms outline the integration of machine learning and high throughput screening for the development of effective and efficient pathways.

Data-driven AAV engineering, integrating machine learning and high-throughput screening, has significantly accelerated the development of next-generation vectors.

Transcription factor-based biosensors (TFBs) are powerful tools in microbial biosensor applications, enabling dynamic control of metabolic pathways, real-time monitoring of intracellular metabolites, and high-throughput screening (HTS) for strain engineering.

the synthetic biology platforms outline the integration of machine learning and high throughput screening for the development of effective and efficient pathways.

Data-driven AAV engineering that integrates machine learning and high-throughput screening has significantly accelerated development of next-generation vectors.

The paper repeatedly states that the platform triggers pyroptotic cell death on demand and achieves precise temporal control of pyroptosis.

Reactive Oxygen Species Across Death Pathways: Gatekeepers of Apoptosis, Ferroptosis, Pyroptosis, Paraptosis, and Beyond.

The supplied web research summary states that the 2018 NCCD recommendations explicitly cover pyroptosis.

Anchor article: the 2018 Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) recommendations is a broad consensus review that explicitly covers major regulated cell death modalities including intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis, MPT-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, and immunogenic cell death.

Here, we used all-optical methods in mice performing a spatial task

Using all-optical methods in mice navigating virtual reality, we show that novel environments trigger a transient increase in VIP interneuron activity

Using all-optical methods in mice navigating virtual reality

In the present work, we focus on the allosteric pathways leading to Jα helix unfolding in Avena sativa LOV2 (AsLOV2)

we focus on the allosteric pathways leading to Jα helix unfolding in Avena sativa LOV2 (AsLOV2)

In Avena sativa LOV2 (AsLOV2), the photocycle is accompanied by an allosteric conformational change that activates the attached phototropin kinase in the full-length protein.

In the C-terminal light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain of plant phototropins (LOV2), blue light activation leads to formation of an adduct between a conserved Cys residue and the embedded FMN chromophore, rotation of a conserved Gln (Q513), and unfolding of a helix (Jα-helix)

In the C-terminal light, oxygen, voltage (LOV) domain of plant phototropins (LOV2), blue light activation leads to formation of an adduct between a conserved Cys residue and the embedded FMN chromophore, rotation of a conserved Gln (Q513), and unfolding of a helix (Jα-helix)

In the dark state, the side chain of N414 is hydrogen bonded to the backbone N-H of Q513.

This review focusses on direct and indirect interactions between dissolved humic substances (HS) and freshwater organisms.

This review focuses on direct and indirect interactions between dissolved humic substances (HS) and freshwater organisms.

Humic substances also have the potential to suppress fungal growth, as shown with the water mould Saprolegnia parasitica, and force the fungus to respond by spore production.

here we present evidence that dissolved HS are indeed taken up and interact directly and/or indirectly with freshwater organisms

There is accumulating evidence that the quality of the HS controls microbial growth. In total, net-heterotrophy may result from HS-mediated suppression of primary production by the quinone structures and/or from HS-mediated support of microbial growth. As there is also evidence that HS have the potential to support photoautotrophic growth and suppress microbial growth, the opposite community effect could result.

The product of cbr, structurally similar to Elips (early light-induced proteins of higher plants)

The predicted product of cbr is closely related to early light-induced proteins (Elips) of higher plants, and also shows resemblance to chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins.

Based on these results we propose that Cbr/early light-induced proteins bind zeaxanthin to form photoprotective complexes within the light-harvesting antennae.

In cells transferred from low to high light, zeaxanthin was associated with the faster migrating of two electrophoretically resolved fractions of light harvesting complexes of photosystem II that also contained Cbr.

When highly illuminated cells were returned to normal light, Cbr decayed in parallel to the reepoxidation of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin.

In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the responsible PABP is the evolutionarily conserved CCCH zinc finger protein Nab2 that facilitates the biogenesis of ∼60 adenosine mRNA poly(A) tails.

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the responsible PABP is the evolutionarily conserved CCCH zinc finger protein Nab2 that facilitates the biogenesis of ∼60 adenosine mRNA poly(A) tails.

In budding yeast, Nab2 facilitates formation of approximately 60-adenosine mRNA poly(A) tails.

Mature poly(A) tail length is determined by kinetic competition between CPAC-mediated tail elongation and Nab2 RNA binding rather than by the Nab2 RNA footprint.

Nab2 dimerization directs termination of polyadenylation in reconstituted in vitro reactions.

light-controlled expression of the GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (SlGGDR) gene ... is mediated by PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3 (SlPIF3)

phytochrome interacting factor 3 (PIF3)

we show that light-controlled expression of the GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (SlGGDR) gene ... is mediated by PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3 (SlPIF3)

In the absence of light, SlPIF3 physically interacts with the promoter of SlGGDR, down-regulating its expression.

light activation of phytochromes prevents the interaction between SlPIF3 and the SlGGDR promoter, leading to transcriptional derepression and higher availability of the PDP precursor for tocopherol biosynthesis

Bortezomib (Velcade, formerly known as PS-341) is a dipeptide boronic acid that inhibits the 20S proteasome.

Bortezomib, a boronic acid dipeptide, is a novel proteasome inhibitor... Bortezomib, a member of a new class of anticancer drugs, is active in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma that is refractory to conventional chemotherapy.

In the FDA efficacy analysis population of 188 patients from the open-label Phase II study, bortezomib produced an overall response rate of 28%, with 5 complete responses and 47 partial responses.

The supportive 54-patient dose-finding Phase II study showed a higher response rate at 1.3 mg/m2 than at 1.0 mg/m2, but the study was too small for statistical dose-response comparisons.

Bortezomib inhibits the 20S proteasome.

Hypoxia-inducible factors, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, act as master regulators of these processes by sensing oxygen tension and orchestrating cellular responses in metabolism, angiogenesis, immune regulation, and tissue remodeling.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a key transcription factor involved in the regulation of cellular reprogramming in response to hypoxia.

Embryonic HIF-1α is primarily involved in early embryonic development, whereas embryonic HIF-2α is required for later developmental stages.

Pathological hypoxia or aberrant HIF signaling drives pregnancy disorders including preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, recurrent pregnancy loss, and heavy menstrual bleeding.

HIF-1α and HIF-2α have distinct spatial and temporal functions across reproductive stages.

optogenetic vision restoration offers a promising strategy that is independent of mutations and disease progression

The optogenetic approach for restoring vision involves converting the surviving inner retinal neurons into photosensitive cells, thus imparting light sensitivity to the retina following the loss of photoreceptor cells.

Precise delivery and expression of tailored optogenetic tools in specific retinal cell types is critical for clinical success.

A thorough understanding of retinal cell morphology, pathological remodeling, and functional loss is critical to identifying optimal cellular targets to maximize retinal signal restoration and achieve challenging visual outcomes.

Optogenetic tools consisting of photosensitive membrane proteins can be ectopically expressed in retinal cells, effectively converting them into artificial photoreceptors.

In the mouse, the transcription factor, ZFHX3 (zinc finger homeobox-3), is necessary for the development of the SCN and influences circadian behaviour in the adult.

In the mouse, the transcription factor, ZFHX3 (zinc finger homeobox-3), is necessary for the development of the SCN and influences circadian behaviour in the adult.

ChIP-seq mapped genome-wide ZFHX3-binding sites in SCN chromatin, with occupancy predominantly around gene transcription start sites and co-localization with known histone modifications.

ZFHX3 preferentially partners with CLOCK and BMAL1 to regulate clock gene transcription in the SCN.

ZFHX3 mediates extensive genome-wide regulation of daily gene expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus.

The expanding field of cancer neuroscience seeks to unravel the essential signaling factors that drive the complex communication between cancer and the nervous system, utilizing these findings to enhance precision therapies for cancer management.

Progress in cancer neuroscience may create an important new pillar of cancer therapy.

The nervous system is presented as a pivotal regulator of oncogenesis within the tumor microenvironment.

Neural-tumor crosstalk is described as operating through paracrine signaling, electrophysiological interactions, and structural innervation guided by axon-derived guidance molecules.

Neural-tumor interactions are described as driving cancer initiation, stemness maintenance, metabolic reprogramming, and therapeutic evasion.

activates cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEase)

the formation of the activator of the cGMP phosphodiesterase

We report here that deactivation of PDEase in rod outer segment suspensions is highly enhanced by addition of ATP and purified 48-kDa protein

Addition of purified 48-kDa protein to phosphorylated membranes further suppressed their PDEase-activating capacity; suppression could be as high as 98% (as compared to unphosphorylated membranes), depending on the amount of 48-kDa protein and the flash intensity.

Such phosphorylated membranes exhibited a significantly lower (by a factor less than or equal to 5) light-induced PDEase-activating capacity than unphosphorylated controls.

Rhodopsin ... is both a retinal-binding protein and a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ... a model system for the important family of Class A (also referred to as "rhodopsin-like") GPCRs.

Many biochemical and both low- and high-resolution structural approaches have been utilized to increase our understanding of rhodopsin, the key molecule of this signaling cascade.

Comparing inactive, intermediate, and active rhodopsin transmembrane-domain structures can reveal early conformational changes during ligand-induced GPCR activation.

Rhodopsin is likely to play an important role in applying X-ray free electron laser crystallography to time-resolved structural biology in membrane proteins.

Rhodopsin remains a relevant model system for studying the molecular mechanisms of GPCR activation.

This review provides an overview of the current paradigms of treatment with regards to joint disease, elaborates on the AAV delivery barriers related to application in treating joint diseases, and discusses strategies to improve gene therapy efficacy, including AAV capsid engineering...

Here, we summarize recent capsid-engineering strategies designed to improve on-target delivery and reduce vector dose requirements.

Across tissues, engineered AAV capsids routinely show multi-fold improvements in potency and biodistribution relative to natural serotypes.

Suprachoroidal and laterally spreading subretinal vectors expand posterior-segment coverage in the retina.

Recent AAV capsid-engineering strategies are designed to improve on-target delivery and reduce vector dose requirements.

Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 (CRY1)

we estimate the in vivo half-lives of the signaling states of cry1 and cry2

These results demonstrate a CRY-BIC negative-feedback circuitry that regulates the activity of each other.

by suppressing the activity of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), resulting in activation of the transcription activator ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) that is associated with chromatins of the BIC promoters

suggesting a novel photoreceptor co-action mechanism to sustain blue light sensitivity of plants under the broad spectra of solar radiation in nature.

A paradigm shift is currently occurring thanks to the genetic manipulation of microalgae, driven by CRISPR-Cas technology.

CRISPR/Cas technology represents a significant breakthrough.

Animal models, including mice, Drosophila, zebrafish, etc., have substantially benefited from CRISPR in uncovering protein function through reverse genetics approaches, including knock-in, knockout, CRISPRi, and indel mutation strategies.

Beyond its original role in genome editing, CRISPR continues to play a major role in the field of proteomics, functional genomics, and molecular therapy.

This review provides an overview of the convergence of CRISPR-Cas technologies in microalgae research, highlighting their impact on genetic studies, metabolic engineering, and industrial applications.

the heme oxygenase (HO) pathway in anti-degenerative mechanisms operating in AD

Here we review the importance of the heme oxygenase pathway in brain stress tolerance and its significance as an antidegenerative mechanism potentially important in AD pathogenesis.

maintenance or recovery of the activity of vitagenes, such as the HO gene, conceivably may delay the aging process and decrease the occurrence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases

Expression of heme oxygenase is closely related to expression of amyloid precursor protein.

The vasoactive molecule carbon monoxide and the potent antioxidant bilirubin, products of HO-catalyzed reaction, represent a protective system potentially active against brain oxidative injury.

However, ketamine has been recently approved for treatment-resistant depression, although with severe restrictions.

Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)- and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use since 1970.

However, ketamine has been recently approved for treatment-resistant depression, although with severe restrictions.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP), dizocilpine (MK-801) and ketamine have long been considered a model of schizophrenia, both in animals and humans.

Interestingly, the dosage in both conditions is similar, and positive symptoms of schizophrenia appear before antidepressant effects emerge.

Evidence accumulated over the past decade shows that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely expressed and have key roles in gene regulation.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are remarkably powerful, flexible and pervasive cellular regulators.

Recent studies have begun to unravel how the biogenesis of lncRNAs is distinct from that of mRNAs and is linked with their specific subcellular localizations and functions.

Tissue-specific and condition-specific expression patterns suggest that lncRNAs are potential biomarkers and provide a rationale to target them clinically.

Many of these functions ultimately affect gene expression in diverse biological and physiopathological contexts, such as in neuronal disorders, immune responses and cancer.

Recent advances in material science have resulted in great development of photosensitizers, such as rare metal nanostructures and black phosphorus nanoparticles, in order to respond to a variety of light sources.

we will cover the possible reasons for the well-known tumor localizing properties of photosensitizers (PS).

Hydrogels incorporating photosensitizers are important for clinical applications, and use of ultraviolet light, near-infrared light, and up-conversion nanoparticles has increased therapeutic effects.

Recent material advances have expanded photosensitizers, including rare metal nanostructures and black phosphorus nanoparticles, to respond to a variety of light sources.

Light-responsive hydrogels are formed by incorporating photosensitive moieties into polymeric structures.

The title and abstract explicitly discuss 'ROS and redox signalling' and 'reactive oxygen species (ROS)'.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have multifaceted roles in the orchestration of plant gene expression and gene-product regulation.

Under these conditions, ROS and redox cues, generated in the chloroplast and mitochondria, are essential for maintaining normal energy and metabolic fluxes

Regulation of the multiple redox and ROS signals in plants requires a high degree of coordination and balance between signalling and metabolic pathways in different cellular compartments.

ROS and redox cues, generated in the chloroplast and mitochondria, are essential for maintaining normal energy and metabolic fluxes, optimizing different cell functions, activating acclimation responses through retrograde signalling

signaling pathways, such as AMPK, HIF-1, and c-Myc, play key roles in tumor metabolic regulation

We identified c-Myc signaling as a central determinant of macrophage antimycobacterial function.

These mechanisms interact synergistically, allowing HCC cells to endure and proliferate despite targeted therapies, ultimately resulting in drug resistance.

Moreover, signaling pathways, such as AMPK, HIF-1, and c-Myc, play key roles in tumor metabolic regulation, influencing energy balance, gene expression under hypoxia, and metabolic pathway control.

Therefore, a deeper understanding of these metabolic and signaling regulatory mechanisms will help reveal the fundamental causes of drug resistance in HCC and provide new targets and directions for future therapeutic strategies.

Unsupervised clustering identified ... only in CAVIN1-expressing cells, spherical, hollow caveolae.

In many different cell types, the plasma membrane is heavily decorated with small pits of 60–80 nm in diameter, which constitute a specialized type of microdomain called caveolae.

Multi-threshold modularity analysis suggests that S1A scaffolds interact to form larger scaffolds and that S1A dimers group together, in the presence of CAVIN1, to form the caveolae coat.

only in CAVIN1-expressing cells, spherical, hollow caveolae

the subsequent demonstration that caveolin expression induces, and is required for, the formation of caveolae

Implementation of cognitive control in a constantly changing environment depends on the dynamic and flexible organization of PFC networks.

stress, anxiety, and other kinds of emotion can profoundly influence key elements of cognition, including selective attention, working memory, and cognitive control.

Implementation of cognitive control in a constantly changing environment depends on the dynamic and flexible organization of PFC networks.

In this context, we describe major empirical and theoretical models that have emerged in recent years and describe how their functional architecture and dynamic organization supports flexible cognitive control.

Systems neuroscience approaches with a focus on large-scale brain organization and network analysis are advancing foundational knowledge of how cognitive control processes are implemented in the brain.

achieved within only three Design-Build-Test-Learn cycles and fewer than five genetic constructs in total

This review examines how these facilities accelerate strain development through the Design-Build-Test-Learn (DBTL) cycle.

achieved within only three Design-Build-Test-Learn cycles and fewer than five genetic constructs in total

We also highlight the opportunity for a shift toward autonomous, self-optimizing 'self-driving labs' that transition from DBTL to Design-Build-Deploy cycles.

Despite progress, key barriers remain, including protocol variability and integration of AI tools.

Fear extinction is an evolutionarily conserved biological process

Here we examine emerging evidence that stress impairs recovery from trauma by impairing fear extinction, a form of learning thought to underlie the suppression of trauma-related fear memories.

Inhibition of these astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics impairs, while their activation facilitates, fear extinction.

Here, we show that hippocampal CA1 astrocytes exhibit de novo Ca2+ dynamics during fear extinction.

our findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized and crucial pathway from pBF cholinergic neurons to CA1 astrocytes that governs natural fear extinction

Gene therapy is emerging as a groundbreaking strategy for treating epilepsy.

Gene therapy may constitute a promising alternative to conventional pharmacological tools and surgeries for epilepsy.

However, significant challenges exist, including ensuring safe and efficient gene delivery, maintaining long-term therapeutic effects, and mitigating potential side effects.

Two key approaches are being explored: (1) activating or supplementing beneficial genes to suppress seizures and (2) silencing harmful genes or pathways that contribute to epilepsy.

Gene therapy is emerging as a groundbreaking strategy for treating epilepsy, offering new hope to patients who do not respond to conventional medications.

Astrocytes... have emerged as active participants in synaptic communication through Ca2+-dependent molecular signalling often referred to as gliotransmission.

Gliotransmission (active information transfer from glia to neurons) has probably the widest implications on our understanding of how the brain works.

Astrocytes, once considered passive support cells, have emerged as active participants in synaptic communication through Ca2+-dependent molecular signalling often referred to as gliotransmission.

In striking contradiction, methodologically advanced studies by a few laboratories produced "negative evidence," triggering a heated debate on the actual existence and properties of gliotransmission.

"Positive evidence" for this stems from work of multiple laboratories reporting many examples of modulatory chemical signaling from astrocytes to neurons in the timeframe of hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes.

Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is a non-classical MHC class I molecule with unique immunomodulatory properties.

The non-classical immune checkpoint HLA-G: a regulatory master switch governing tolerance, evasion, and translational frontiers

It exerts a context-dependent role, promoting tolerance in settings such as transplantation and autoimmunity while contributing to immune evasion in cancer and infection

Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is a non-classical MHC class I molecule with unique immunomodulatory properties

Increasing evidence highlights HLA-G as a pivotal regulator of immune homeostasis, capable of shaping both innate and adaptive cytotoxic responses.

Finally, we summarize therapeutic approaches targeting HIFs, including HIF stabilizers and HIF-2α-selective antagonists.

Hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) ... activates hypoxia‑inducible factors (HIFs) and their downstream signaling pathways ... HIFs are conducive to the adaptation of various immune cells to the hypoxic TME.

Additionally, the activation of HIF signaling may also inhibit the development of immune cells in some tumor environments, affecting the antigen recognition and killing processes to assist cancer cells in immune escape.

HIFs are conducive to the adaptation of various immune cells to the hypoxic TME.

The stability of HIF‑α can regulate metabolism and directly regulate the expression of immune genes.

In contrast, in vivo CAR-T therapy directly delivers CAR-encoding transgenes to endogenous T cells, reprogramming them in situ.

in vivo CAR-T therapy has been proposed: the in vivo or in situ programming of CAR-T cells to eliminate pathological cells through the delivery of CAR genes in vivo by viruses or engineered nanoparticles

Consequently, in vivo CAR-T represents a more efficient and economical paradigm, transforming CAR-T from individualized cellular products towards truly "ready-to-use" therapeutics.

This new technology pathway simplifies the manufacturing and therapeutic procedures, reduces treatment costs, and improves patient accessibility

in vivo CAR-T therapy has been proposed: the in vivo or in situ programming of CAR-T cells to eliminate pathological cells through the delivery of CAR genes in vivo by viruses or engineered nanoparticles

Platelet aggregation requires activation of the alphaIIbbeta3 integrin.

the alphaIIbbeta3 integrin on platelets

CIB1 binds to the cytoplasmic tail of the integrin alphaIIb subunit.

Previous over-expression and knockdown studies in murine megakaryocytes demonstrated that CIB1 inhibits integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation.

We report that calcium and integrin binding protein 1 (CIB1), which interacts directly with the alphaIIb tail, is an endogenous inhibitor of alphaIIbbeta3 activation

We present a new approach, Programmatic Interpretable reinforcement learning for traffic signal control (π-light), designed to autonomously discover non-differentiable programs.

LIGHT (TNFSF14) has emerged as an important modulator of critical innate and adaptive immune responses.

Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms baseline approaches.

Finally, we analyze how the learned program policies can directly deploy on edge devices with extremely limited resources.

Moreover, π-Light exhibits superior generalization capabilities compared to DRL, enabling training and evaluation across intersections from different cities.

Zebrafish were also adopted early as an experimental model for the use of optogenetic reporters, including genetically encoded voltage- and calcium-sensitive indicators.

These optogenetic reporters are powerful tools for live-cell microscopy and quantitative analysis at the subcellular level.

With the advent of increasingly sophisticated fluorescence imaging approaches and methods for spatially-resolved light stimulation in the heart, the zebrafish represents an experimental model with unrealized potential for cardiac optogenetic studies.

For optogenetic studies, zebrafish provide additional advantages, as the whole zebrafish heart can be visualized and interrogated in vivo in the transparent, externally developing embryo, and the relatively small adult heart allows for in situ cell-specific observation and control not possible in mammals.

Beyond optogenetic studies, zebrafish are becoming an increasingly important tool for cardiac research, as they combine many of the advantages of integrative and reduced experimental models. The zebrafish has striking genetic and functional cardiac similarities to that of mammals, its genome is fully sequenced and can be modified using standard techniques, it has been used to recapitulate a variety of cardiac diseases, and it allows for high-throughput investigations.

Here, we review the roles of the monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and other neuromodulators in controlling the activity of the ACC.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is acknowledged as a major neuromodulator of nervous systems in both invertebrates and vertebrates.

how chronic pain alters their signaling in ACC circuits to promote pathological hyperexcitability

we review the roles of the monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and other neuromodulators in controlling the activity of the ACC

5-HT is, therefore, the prototypical neuromodulator fundamentally involved in the adaptation of all organisms across the animal kingdom.

Sleep deprivation (SD) disturbs the circadian physiology and exerts a negative impact on brain and behavioural functions.

One intervention that rapidly alleviates depressive symptoms is sleep deprivation

The proteins and pathways negatively affected by sleep deprivation are implicated in neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Sleep deprivation affects the glymphatic system, a glial-dependent metabolic waste clearance pathway, and is associated with accumulation of misfolded proteins in synaptic compartments and cognitive decline.

Sleep deprivation impairs cellular clearance of misfolded neurotoxic proteins including alpha-synuclein, amyloid-beta, and tau.

The term "resilience" refers to the ability to adapt successfully to stress, trauma and adversity... Stress resilience can be improved, but the outcomes and effects depend on the type of intervention and the species treated.

most stress-exposed individuals maintain normal psychological functioning (resilience to stress) ... the active mechanisms that underlie the resilience phenotype

Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully to stress, trauma, and adversity, helping individuals avoid stress-induced mental disorders.

Stress resilience can be improved, but outcomes depend on the type of intervention and the species treated.

Evidence from animal models and humans is revealing neurophysiological and neuropsychological mechanisms underlying both stress susceptibility and resilience.

To provide an update to the "Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock," last published in 2008.

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008

evidence-based recommendations regarding the acute management of sepsis and septic shock are the foundation of improved outcomes for this important group of critically ill patients

administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials therapy within 1 h of the recognition of septic shock (1B) and severe sepsis without septic shock (1C) as the goal of therapy

initial fluid resuscitation with crystalloid (1B) and consideration of the addition of albumin in patients who continue to require substantial amounts of crystalloid to maintain adequate mean arterial pressure (2C) and the avoidance of hetastarch formulations (1B)

This review serves as an update to the parent article, highlighting advances in therapeutic ultrasound over the past 12 years.

Non-invasive ultrasound (US) treatment approaches are becoming increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential for reversibly permeabilizing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), targeting therapeutic delivery deep into the brain, and neuromodulation.

The review discusses computational modeling, tissue-mimicking phantoms, and quality assurance protocols as topics relevant to translation of therapeutic ultrasound.

The review outlines general mechanisms for bioeffects produced by therapeutic ultrasound, current applications, and pre-clinical and clinical stages.

The review provides an overview of image guidance methods for monitoring and assessing therapeutic ultrasound treatment progress.

In greenhouse trials, Pterostilbene and Iron chlorin significantly reduced disease severity, with control efficacies of 41.3% and 51.7%, respectively, whereas <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>achieved higher efficacies of 73.0% and 65.5%, respectively.

As a beneficial fungus, <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> (<i>T. harzianum</i>) has been widely applied for growth promotion and biocontrol. Recently, it has attracted much attention with regard to improving stress tolerance in plants under abiotic stress.

The review states that characteristics of Trichoderma harzianum application differ across field and horticultural crops in method, concentration, timing, and effects.

The review discusses a synergistic regulatory effect of Trichoderma harzianum and plant-microbiome interaction on the stress microenvironment.

The review states that Trichoderma harzianum can improve plant nutrient uptake, root development, secondary metabolism, soil environment and structure, and expression of related genes.

Web research summary identifies ACE2 as the canonical host entry receptor and cites primary papers establishing ACE2 dependence for SARS-CoV-2 entry.

Protective role of ACE2 and its downregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to Macrophage Activation Syndrome: Therapeutic implications

ACE2 is presented as the canonical host receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry in the source-associated evidence scaffold.

This review synthesizes mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, centering receptor usage, protease-dependent spike activation, and alternative entry routes.

The review discusses ACE2 downregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection as part of the disease mechanism.

bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs) and other higher-order multispecific immunotherapeutics emerging as approaches for precision immune modulation

Therapeutic modalities discussed include immunoconjugates, bispecific T-cell engagers and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells.

Immune engager development involves key pharmacokinetic, safety, resistance, and manufacturing considerations.

Limited activity in solid tumors remains a major challenge constraining broader application of bispecific T cell engagers and related multispecific immunotherapeutics.

Bispecific T cell engagers and related higher-order multispecific immunotherapeutics are emerging approaches for precision immune modulation.

These Ca2+-triggered secretomes modulate SC phenotype and surrounding neurons, orchestrating axon regeneration and myelin repair via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.

This review synthesizes emerging evidence demonstrating that optogenetically or endogenously induced Ca2+ influx in SCs leads to the release of a diverse set of neurotrophic and regulatory factors. These Ca2+-triggered secretomes modulate SC phenotypes and surrounding neurons, orchestrating axon regeneration and myelin repair via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.

By integrating insights from optogenetic manipulation and intrinsic signaling biology, this review proposes a conceptual framework in which Ca2+-triggered SC secretomes act as structural and functional scaffolds for nerve repair.

By integrating insights from optogenetic manipulation and intrinsic signaling biology, this review proposes a conceptual framework in which Ca2+-triggered SC secretomes act as structural and functional scaffolds for nerve repair.

These Ca2+-triggered secretomes modulate SC phenotype and surrounding neurons, orchestrating axon regeneration and myelin repair via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.

The Cas9 enzyme is the most widely used within the CRISPR framework and has already received approval for treating sickle cell disease, with many other applications likely to follow.

The Cas9 protein (CRISPR-associated protein 9) ... is emerging as a powerful tool for engineering the genome in diverse organisms.

Cas9 has already received approval for treating sickle cell disease.

Cas9 is the most widely used enzyme within the CRISPR framework.

With all of these advances, we have just begun to explore the possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics.

Furthermore, we explore emerging strategies, including gene therapy, stem cell therapy, cell type-specific neuromodulation, and AI-driven techniques for objective, unbiased pain assessment and research.

Yet growing evidence indicated the importance of cell-type-specific neuromodulation in the PNS in not only biological research using animal models but also potential human therapies.

These innovative approaches are poised to revolutionize pain management, paving the way for the discovery of safer and more effective analgesics.

Acute pain management has historically been dominated by opioids, whose efficacy is overshadowed by the risks of addiction, tolerance, and dependence, culminating in the global opioid crisis. To transcend this issue, we must innovate beyond opioid-based μ receptor treatments, identifying nonopioid analgesics with high efficacy and minimal adverse effects.

Furthermore, we explore emerging strategies, including gene therapy, stem cell therapy, cell type-specific neuromodulation, and AI-driven techniques for objective, unbiased pain assessment and research.

Title explicitly names circularly polarized light; web research summary repeatedly refers to CPL-responsive fabrication, detection, and biological modulation.

The present study evaluated the effects of CPL on germination, hypocotyl elongation and biomass production of Arabidopsis and lettuce.

Higher germination rates were observed when Arabidopsis and lettuce seedlings were irradiated with red right-handed CPL (R-CPL) than with red left-handed CPL (L-CPL).

Hypocotyl elongation was effectively inhibited when Arabidopsis and lettuce seedlings were irradiated with red R-CPL than with red L-CPL.

White R-CPL induced greater biomass production by adult Arabidopsis plants, as determined by their fresh shoot weight, than white L-CPL.

application of the designer drug Clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), inducing tonic excitation during treadmill training in the recovery phase

the DREADD actuator clozapine-N-oxide (CNO)

withdrawal of DREADDs activation in week seven did not cause significant changes in kinematics, suggesting that activation may have dwindling effects at this later stage.

Therefore, any chemogenetic experiment should include a DREADD-free control group injected with the same CNO, C21, or newly developed actuator.

Effects of CNO on sleep could arise from back-metabolism to clozapine or binding to endogenous neurotransmitter receptors.

Early stages of Huntington's disease (HD) before the onset of motor and cognitive symptoms are characterized by imbalanced excitatory and inhibitory output from the cortex to striatal and subcortical structures.

There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the normal neurodevelopmental refinement of synapses and cortical excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance.

Early stages of Huntington's disease (HD) before the onset of motor and cognitive symptoms are characterized by imbalanced excitatory and inhibitory output from the cortex to striatal and subcortical structures.

The window before the onset of symptoms presents an opportunity to adjust the firing rate within microcircuits with the goal of restoring the impaired E/I balance, thereby preventing or slowing down disease progression.

The integrated hypothesis proposes that frontal cortical excitation-inhibition imbalance can disinhibit excitatory projections regulating mesostriatal dopamine neurons, leading to dopamine dysregulation and psychotic symptoms.

Here, we review the roles of the monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and other neuromodulators in controlling the activity of the ACC.

Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter involved in multiple physiological functions including motor control, modulation of affective and emotional states, reward mechanisms, reinforcement of behavior, and selected higher cognitive functions.

how chronic pain alters their signaling in ACC circuits to promote pathological hyperexcitability

we review the roles of the monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and other neuromodulators in controlling the activity of the ACC

The review states that dysfunction in dopaminergic transmission is a core alteration in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and addiction.

Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulated ECM remodeling is an upstream driver of chronic human diseases rather than a passive consequence of injury.

The review title is 'Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease'.

Across organs, a self-reinforcing cycle of altered matrix composition, excessive crosslinking, and stiffness-dependent mechanotransduction (including integrin-FAK and YAP/TAZ pathways) sustains fibroinflammation, myofibroblast persistence, and progressive tissue dysfunction.

Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulated ECM remodeling is an upstream driver of chronic human diseases rather than a passive consequence of injury.

Translational strategies increasingly focus on modulating ECM synthesis and crosslinking, normalizing rather than ablating matrix architecture, and targeting ECM-cell signaling axes in combination with anti-fibrotic, cytotoxic, or immunotherapeutic regimens.

We compare deterministic ordinary differential equation (ODE) and stochastic simulation frameworks for modeling transcription-translation dynamics, describe adaptations of genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) and flux balance analysis (FBA) for extract-based systems.

Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) have progressed from stoichiometric reconstructions to predictive, constraint-aware platforms.

Framing omics integration through constraint architectures provides an agenda for making genome-scale metabolic models more reproducible, portable, and biologically meaningful across application domains.

Biomass functions enforce composition and maintenance demands in genome-scale metabolic models.

Enzyme and expression valves cap flux capacity, proteome budgeting enforces allocation trade-offs, and thermodynamics and fluxomics provide physical and experimental calibration in multi-omics GEM integration.

This review evaluates genomic safe harbors (GSHs)-such as AAVS1, TRAC, CCR5, ROSA26 and CLYBL-as loci validated for stable, high-level CAR transgene expression without oncogenic disruption.

the advances made in identifying genomic safe harbors in the maize genome

GSHs meet stringent criteria: distal from cancer-related genes, resistant to epigenetic silencing, and transcriptionally permissive.

Challenges persist in optimizing homology-directed repair efficiency, mitigating residual dsDNA toxicity, and standardizing regulatory frameworks for long-term genomic surveillance.

Preclinical studies demonstrate that site-directed CAR integration into GSHs preserves antitumor efficacy while eliminating malignant transformation risks.

Several mechanisms are involved in the protective responses to PDT including the expression of chaperone/heat shock proteins (HSPs).

The necessity to focus on the role of anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as the pathogenetic significance of important molecular groups, such as the heat shock proteins, which until now have been given scant attention, will be stressed.

it has been discovered that HSPs can play an important role in cell survival, due to the fact that they are responsible for many cytoprotective mechanisms

In contrast, extracellular HSPs or membrane-bound HSPs mediate immunological functions.

Several mechanisms are involved in the protective responses to PDT including the expression of chaperone/heat shock proteins (HSPs).

paving the way for efficient host-directed therapies (HDTs) against this severely harmful pathogen.

Host-directed therapies (HDTs) have emerged as a promising complementary strategy, leveraging the modulation of host immune responses to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).

Furthermore, the potential for HDTs to synergize with existing antibiotics underscores their relevance in overcoming current therapeutic limitations.

Unlike conventional antibiotics, HDTs can enhance therapeutic outcomes by boosting host defense mechanisms, reducing treatment duration and dosage, and minimizing the risk of resistance development.

Notably, several HDTs have shown significant efficacy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mtb strains, while also mitigating excessive inflammation and lowering relapse rates-achievements that remain elusive with antibiotic regimens alone.

The medial prefrontal cortex... comprises the anterior cingulate cortex, the prelimbic, and the infralimbic cortex... prelimbic, and infralimbic regions show reduced activity.

A division of labor has been proposed in which the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate the expression and suppression of fear in rodents, respectively.

While the anterior cingulate cortex appears hyperactive, prelimbic, and infralimbic regions show reduced activity.

magnetic resonance imaging has revealed gray matter loss in all these areas in chronic pain conditions

Importantly, a division of labor has been proposed in which the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate the expression and suppression of fear in rodents, respectively.

Female sexual behavior in mice is controlled by kisspeptin neurons

Kisspeptin is produced by two major populations of neurons located in the hypothalamus, the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle (RP3V) and arcuate nucleus (ARC).

Kisspeptin is produced by two major hypothalamic neuron populations in the RP3V and ARC.

Gonadal sex steroids stimulate RP3V kisspeptin neurons but inhibit ARC kisspeptin neurons, underlying positive and negative feedback respectively.

Kisspeptin neurons control female sexual behavior in mice.

MYB transcription factor family represents one of the largest and most functionally diverse groups of regulatory proteins in plants.

functional studies of WRKY, MYB, and NAC transcription factors revealed key resistance modules

Additionally, we highlight the advances and potential of MYB genes as targets for engineering stress-resilient crops through breeding and genetic modification.

MYB transcription factor family represents one of the largest and most functionally diverse groups of regulatory proteins in plants, playing a crucial role in controlling genes involved in growth, development, and stress responses.

In response to environmental signals, MYB proteins bind to specific DNA elements in target promoters, acting alone or with other regulators to modulate stress-responsive pathways.

While mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are well known for their UV-protective activities, studies with human cells and animals have shown intriguing biological activities involving gene regulation and activation of signaling pathways.

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are water-soluble molecules that absorb UV-A and UV-B radiation and disperse the energy as heat.

Mycosporine-like amino acids have biological activities in human cells and animals involving gene regulation and activation of signaling pathways in addition to UV-protective activity.

Because harmful irradiation induces oxidative stress through radical-propagating processes, mycosporine-like amino acids are expected to play an additional role in antioxidant systems, and the review focuses on MAAs with radical scavenging activities.

Mycosporine-like amino acids are utilized in a wide variety of organisms including prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms inhabiting aquatic, terrestrial, and marine environments.

The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is best known for its regulation of the antioxidant response.

These processes are regulated by ... nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).

NRF2 induction across different disease contexts can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the length of activation.

The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is best known for its regulation of the antioxidant response. However, its mediation of other pathways, including key aspects of metabolic and protein homeostasis, has continued to emerge.

inhibition has gained traction as a viable strategy for treating cancer and other pathologies where NRF2 is chronically active

development of optogenetic effectors and sensors

In this review, we describe some of the most recent advances in the development and applications of optogenetic sensors (i.e., genetically encoded calcium indicators and voltage sensors)

A major barrier to wider use of optogenetic imaging tools is the lack of readily available genetic reagents that can be easily combined to probe complex biological processes.

The review states that significant progress has been made in the development of optogenetic effectors and sensors for molecular-level study of complex biological signaling in mammals.

We also describe crucial technical aspects to implement optogenetics in zebrafish including strategies to drive a high level of transgene expression in defined neuronal populations, and recent optical advances that allow the precise spatiotemporal control of sample illumination.

Here we report the discovery of a multichaperone condensate in the ER lumen, which is formed around the chaperone PDIA6 during protein folding homeostasis.

PDIA6, an ER-resident disulfide isomerase and molecular chaperone

essential for secretion of insulin

Here we report the discovery of a multichaperone condensate in the ER lumen, which is formed around the chaperone PDIA6 during protein folding homeostasis.

We further show that the PDIA6 condensates recruit proinsulin, thereby accelerating the oxidative proinsulin folding and suppressing the proinsulin aggregation inside quality control granules

four major classes of optical tools to manipulate neuromodulatory GPCR signaling: ... photoactivatable proteins

To date, a variety of photoactivatable proteins (refers to induction of protein activity in contrast to fluorescence) have been developed based on the understanding of plant and microbial photoreceptors...

These emerging techniques targeting specific members of the GPCR signaling pathway offer an expansive base for investigating GPCR signaling in behavior and disease states, in addition to paving a path to potential therapeutic developments.

Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience by providing means to control cell signaling with spatiotemporal control in discrete cell types.

we summarize four major classes of optical tools to manipulate neuromodulatory GPCR signaling: opsins (including engineered chimeric receptors); photoactivatable proteins; photopharmacology through caging-photoswitchable molecules; fluorescent protein based reporters and biosensors

Increasing evidence suggests that natural chemicals, such as polyphenols, isothiocyanates, curcumin, and alkaloids, are inhibitors of HIF-1α.

Polyphenols are a big family of phytochemicals that includes a wide range of natural substances with various biological activities.

Natural chemicals including polyphenols, isothiocyanates, curcumin, and alkaloids are described as inhibitors of HIF-1α.

Because of substantial structural diversity and biotransformation differences, it is hard to draw a general pattern for polyphenol immunomodulatory activity.

Polyphenols can modulate the immune system.

Predictive coding theories of sensory brain function interpret the hierarchical construction of the cerebral cortex as a Bayesian, generative model capable of predicting the sensory data consistent with any given percept.

when Bayesian inference is grounded in its neural instantiation-namely, predictive coding-many features of autistic perception can be attributed to aberrant precision

The review argues that predictive-coding computational architecture can be combined with the canonical microcircuit and laminar extrinsic connectivity to produce a template schematic for cortical implementation.

The review states that early predictive-coding formulations inferred separate source populations for forward and backward pathways, and notes that non-bifurcating directional projection has only recently been confirmed.

The review identifies rapid advances in transgenic neural engineering in the mouse as enabling further examination of predictive-coding microcircuit hypotheses.

The review frames the prefrontal cortex—especially medial PFC and dorsolateral PFC—as a hub linking pain perception, descending modulation, chronification, affect, and treatment response.

the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a key regulator in social cognition

The review presents the prefrontal cortex, especially medial and dorsolateral subregions, as a hub linking pain perception, descending modulation, pain chronification, affect, and treatment response.

The review explicitly discusses rTMS neuromodulation as a prefrontal-targeting intervention relevant to pain.

A clear picture of the mechanisms by which altered E/I ratio in the PFC might lead to disruptions of social cognition across a variety of behaviors is not well understood.

The medial prefrontal cortex... comprises the anterior cingulate cortex, the prelimbic, and the infralimbic cortex... prelimbic, and infralimbic regions show reduced activity.

A division of labor has been proposed in which the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate the expression and suppression of fear in rodents, respectively.

While the anterior cingulate cortex appears hyperactive, prelimbic, and infralimbic regions show reduced activity.

magnetic resonance imaging has revealed gray matter loss in all these areas in chronic pain conditions

Importantly, a division of labor has been proposed in which the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate the expression and suppression of fear in rodents, respectively.

This review systematically traces the technological evolution of stereotactic ablation, including radiofrequency ablation, laser interstitial thermal therapy, radiosurgery, and focused ultrasound.

Over decades, the field of functional neurosurgery has evolved from traditional radiofrequency ablation to deep brain stimulation, and more recently, to incisionless high frequency ultrasonic lesional techniques.

This review systematically traces the technological evolution of stereotactic ablation, including radiofrequency ablation, laser interstitial thermal therapy, radiosurgery, and focused ultrasound.

In addition, it provides a comprehensive evaluation of the underlying mechanisms, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profiles associated with these techniques.

This evolution has broadened access to surgical treatments for individuals with tremor and has provided both clinicians and patients with a wider range of therapeutic options. Consequently, selecting the most appropriate surgical treatment for an individual has arguably become more complex, relying on a combination of evidence base, personal, medical, social, and economic factors.

The review title explicitly centers plasticity of synapses as a candidate mechanism for long-term memory storage.

Synaptic plasticity serves as a cellular substrate for information storage in the central nervous system.

Long-term potentiation is treated as a foundational physiological model underlying synaptic plasticity accounts of memory in the review context.

The review context includes newer engram-focused framing that connects memory allocation and storage to synaptic modifications among identified engram cells.

The review context includes persistence and maintenance mechanisms such as synaptic tagging and PKMζ as relevant to how durable, input-specific synaptic changes could support memory storage.

we begin with a foundational overview of the classification of CGT in treating solid tumors and explore how it targets the cross-talk between cancer cells and the tumor immune microenvironment from cellular and molecular perspectives.

The review title explicitly names the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) as the central subject for effective therapy.

Cell and gene therapy can target cross-talk between cancer cells and the tumor immune microenvironment from cellular and molecular perspectives.

Cell and gene therapy not only remodels the local tumor immune microenvironment but also has long-term effects on the systemic immune response.

The development of cell and gene therapy is proposed to shift cancer treatment from targeting tumor tissues alone toward restoring disrupted cancer-immune balance as a whole.

In human breast carcinomas, tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) density correlates with poor prognosis.

Similar functions are also exerted by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which also display an alternative-like activation phenotype and play a detrimental pro-tumoral role.

In mouse models of breast cancer, eliminating macrophages from the tumor site retards tumor progression.

Recent developments support the existence of at least two distinct tumor-associated macrophage subpopulations in mammary tumors distinguished by markers such as CD206 or MHC II and by different in vivo behavior.

In human breast carcinomas, higher tumor-associated macrophage density correlates with poor prognosis.

Studies using mice have yielded significant amounts of information regarding signaling pathways, such as Wnt

Wnt proteins are now recognized as one of the major families of developmentally important signaling molecules... we review our current understanding of Wnt function and signaling mechanisms, doing so in a comparative approach.

Mouse studies have provided substantial information about Wnt, bone morphogenic protein, PtdIns(3,4,5) kinase, and Notch signaling in intestinal development and homeostasis, including stem cell regulation and lineage specification and maturation.

Among functions provided by Wnt proteins are such intriguing processes as embryonic induction, the generation of cell polarity, and the specification of cell fate.

These insights have come from different corners of the animal kingdom and have converged on a common pathway.

The promise of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene therapy is held back by the cost and toxicity of the large doses required.

Over the past two decades, three widely used viral vectors-lentiviruses (LV), adenoviruses (Ad), and adeno-associated viruses (AAV)-have enabled notable preclinical and clinical successes

including the approval of Luxturna for a genetic retinal disease

The promise of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene therapy is held back by the cost and toxicity of the large doses required.

intraperitoneal doses of AAVs injected during the resting phase (ZT6, 12:00PM) produced greater transgene expression over several weeks than equivalent doses injected during the waking phase (ZT18, 12:00AM).

viral vectors, such as adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses, have shown promise in delivering targeted genetic interventions

These strategies include the use of adeno-associated viruses, cell-specific promoters, modified opsins, and methodologies such as bioluminescent optogenetics. The application of viral recombinant vectors, particularly adeno-associated viruses, is emerging as a promising avenue for clinical use in delivering opsins to target cells.

In retinal disease models, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) serve as delivery vectors via intravitreal or subretinal injections.

viral vectors, such as adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses, have shown promise in delivering targeted genetic interventions

Adeno-associated viruses are presented as a promising clinical delivery approach for opsins to target cells and can improve flexibility and accuracy of opsin delivery when combined with cell-specific promoters and serotype choice.

However, significant challenges exist, including ensuring safe and efficient gene delivery, maintaining long-term therapeutic effects, and mitigating potential side effects.

After several technological advancements had been made in the field, we published a paper in 1996 describing the generation of new neurons in the adult rat brain and the decline of hippocampal neurogenesis during aging.

Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Fear Generalization, and Stress

we published a paper in 1996 describing the generation of new neurons in the adult rat brain and the decline of hippocampal neurogenesis during aging

What has become standard textbook knowledge over the last decade was a hotly debated matter a decade earlier: the proposition that new neurons are generated in the adult mammalian CNS... After several technological advancements had been made in the field... The paper coincided with the publication of several other studies that together established neurogenesis as a cellular mechanism in the adult mammalian brain.

The early discovery by Altman and colleagues in the 1960s was vulnerable to criticism due to the lack of technical strategies for unequivocal demonstration, quantification, and physiological analysis of newly generated neurons in adult brain tissue.

The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years

The supplied review summary states that the review covers major lines of evidence for Aβ toxicity and APP/presenilin mutations, and the citation scaffold explicitly links the review to foundational genetics and the amyloid hypothesis.

directly supports the review’s claim that amyloid abnormalities precede symptoms by decades

The review explicitly organizes support for the amyloid hypothesis around several evidence classes: APP gene dosage and protective APP variation, APOE-linked Aβ clearance, biomarker timing in dominantly inherited AD, and microglial/endocytic modulators of Aβ handling including CD33, TREM2, ABCA7, and PICALM.

This review synthesizes evidence supporting the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease from genetics, biomarker timing, and amyloid-beta handling mechanisms.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) stands out due to its involvement in top-down modulation of pain perception, its abnormal activity in chronic pain conditions, and its contribution to cognitive functions frequently impaired in chronic pain states.

The medial prefrontal cortex... comprises the anterior cingulate cortex, the prelimbic, and the infralimbic cortex... While the anterior cingulate cortex appears hyperactive...

how chronic pain alters their signaling in ACC circuits to promote pathological hyperexcitability

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) stands out due to its involvement in top-down modulation of pain perception, its abnormal activity in chronic pain conditions

we review the roles of the monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and other neuromodulators in controlling the activity of the ACC

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs)-specifically, letrozole, anastrozole and exemestane-represent the current gold standard for patients with estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer (ER + BC).

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved endocrine therapies for ER-positive breast cancers that include ... aromatase inhibitors (AIs).

Soy, cow's milk, sesame seeds, and sesame oil may have estrogen-like effects that could diminish the anti-estrogenic efficacy of aromatase inhibitors.

ER-positive breast cancers are the most common molecular subtype of breast cancer and comprise about 70% of breast carcinoma diagnoses worldwide.

FDA-approved endocrine therapy classes for ER-positive breast cancer include SERMs, SERDs, and aromatase inhibitors.

the biomolecular corona that forms in biological fluids

Unless they are specifically designed to avoid it, nanoparticles in contact with biological fluids are rapidly covered by a selected group of biomolecules to form a corona that interacts with biological systems.

DNA cargo influences the biomolecular corona formed around lipid nanoparticles in biological fluids, which shapes immune recognition, circulation, and tissue targeting.

Understanding interactions between nanosized materials and living organisms is relevant to improved drug delivery by targeting nanoparticles and to assessing potential threats of nanotechnological devices.

Nanoparticles exposed to biological fluids rapidly acquire a biomolecular corona.

The key directions in this field contain cardiac tissue engineering, biosensor, targeted drug delivery and molecular imaging.

This paper attempts to give an overview of the sensing approaches... This leads to a comprehensive overview and a reappreciation of the term biosensor.

Biosensors are an integral part of modern medicine, are used in basic research, and are increasingly used by consumers as point-of-care and wearable devices.

This leads to a comprehensive overview and a reappreciation of the term biosensor, including not only devices with a molecular biorecognition element and physico-chemical readout but also the sensing of living biological systems using physical and chemical methods, and the use of living biological systems for sensing purposes.

Meanwhile, the underlying technological approaches are rapidly expanding, including spectroscopic sensing, artificial bioreceptors, synthetic biological approaches, whole-cell biosensors, and artificial intelligence.

Genetic mutations play a role in the efficacy of CAR-T and CAR-NK cells

CAR-NK cells have gained attention for their potential to reduce side effects and enable scalable production in cancer immunotherapy.

Genomic profiling and personalized engineering approaches can refine CAR therapies to overcome resistance and enhance precision in AML treatment.

Mutations in DNMT3A and NPM1 enhance antigen expression and thereby improve CAR targeting in AML.

Genetic mutations influence the efficacy of CAR-T and CAR-NK cells in AML, including effects on proliferation, persistence, resistance, and safety.

cell-free biosensors (CFBs) leverage core advantages—including rapid prototyping, high controllability, excellent biosafety, and tolerance to potentially toxic substances

cell-free biosensors, which function independently of cell growth using transcription-translation machinery

cell-free biosensors (CFBs) leverage core advantages—including rapid prototyping, high controllability, excellent biosafety, and tolerance to potentially toxic substances

These fields encompass the precise design of biological circuits, intelligent optimization of metabolic pathways, and efficient in vitro diagnostics.

CFBs overcomes limitations inherent in traditional cell-based sensors, offering a powerful platform for instant, on-demand biomolecular detection.

the central melanocortin system plays a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis

Following the cloning of the melanocortin receptor and agouti protein genes, a model was developed for the central melanocortin system with respect to the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis.

The central melanocortin system plays a critical role in regulation of energy homeostasis.

MC4R mutations are the most common cause of early onset syndromic obesity and account for 2-5% of all cases.

α-MSH is described as the predominant melanocortin peptide in the CNS regulating feeding and energy homeostasis.

VOZ1 and VOZ2 Interact with CONSTANS

the differences in photoperiod are measured by interactions between circadian-clock-regulated components, such as CONSTANS (CO), and light signaling

The voz1 voz2 35S::CO:YFP plants show suppression of the early-flowering phenotype induced by CO overexpression, suggesting that CO requires VOZ for the induction of flowering.

Together, these results indicate that the VOZ genes regulate flowering primarily through the photoperiod pathway, independent of FLC, and suggest that VOZs modulate CO function to promote flowering.

Genetic interaction experiments between voz1 voz2 and constans-2 (co-2) mutants reveal that the VOZs and CO work in the same genetic pathway.

ELIPs - Light-induced stress proteins

The induction of specific light stress proteins, the ELIPs (for early light‐induced proteins) can be considered to be part of these protective responses.

Isolation of ELIPs in a native form and analysis of pigments bound to these proteins revealed that ELIPs can bind chlorophyll a and lutein.

The accumulation of ELIPs under light stress conditions is correlated with the photoinactivation of PSII, degradation of the D l ‐protein of PSII reaction centre and changes in the level of pigments.

These data indicate that ELIPs might represent unique chlorophyll‐binding proteins which have a transient function(s) during light stress. A transient ‘pigment‐carrier’ function is postulated for ELIPs.

BEE1 binds directly to the FT chromatin to activate the transcription of FT and promote flowering initiation.

CIB1 stimulates FT messenger RNA expression, and it interacts with chromatin DNA of the FT gene

but it cannot directly bind FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) promoter

BEE1 binds directly to the FT chromatin to activate the transcription of FT and promote flowering initiation.

Our findings indicate that BEE1 is the integrator of BES1 and CRY2 mediating flowering, and BES1-BEE1-FT is a new signaling pathway in regulating photoperiodic flowering.

Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescent proteins have been developed for a number of different redox-related physiological parameters and can be monitored in living cells, tissues, and even whole plants using a variety of instruments adapted to the respective resolution requirements, thus opening gateways to retrograde signalling in plant cells.

Genetically-encoded redox biosensors have become invaluable tools for monitoring cellular redox processes with high spatiotemporal resolution, coupling the presence of the redox-active analyte with a change in fluorescence signal that can be easily recorded.

Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescent proteins have been developed for a number of different redox-related physiological parameters and can be monitored in living cells, tissues, and even whole plants using a variety of instruments adapted to the respective resolution requirements

It also outlines how biosensors can be used in combination with genetic and pharmacological approaches, to extract meaningful information and dissect the retrograde redox signalling systems in living plants.

The review classifies redox biosensors by the analytes they respond to and summarizes available fluorescence recording methods.

We present an integrated framework that encompasses ... Genomic Selection (GS)

Recent advances in QTL mapping, pangenomics, multi-omics integration, genomic selection, and CRISPR-based modification of metabolic and structural defense traits have transformed the landscape of resistance breeding.

These approaches have significantly deepened our understanding of complex stress-adaptive traits and genotype-by-environment interactions, revealing precise targets for breeding climate-resilient cultivars.

Despite these technical breakthroughs, barriers such as genotype-dependent transformation efficiency, regulatory landscapes, and implementation costs in resource-limited settings remain.

By integrating molecular breakthroughs with practical deployment strategies, this review offers a comprehensive roadmap for developing sustainable, climate-resilient maize varieties to meet future agricultural demands.

The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Over the past decade, the orexin system has been associated with numerous physiological functions, including sleep/arousal, energy homeostasis, endocrine, visceral functions and pathological states, such as narcolepsy and drug abuse.

The role of hypocretin in driving arousal and goal-oriented behaviors

Over the past decade, the orexin system has been associated with numerous physiological functions, including sleep/arousal, energy homeostasis, endocrine, visceral functions and pathological states, such as narcolepsy and drug abuse.

Here, we review the discovery of Hcrt/orexins and their receptors and propose a hypothesis as to how the orexin system orchestrates these multifaceted physiological functions.

The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus.

As a result, poly(A) tail length control operates through a “kinetic ruler” mechanism, whereby the concentration of Nab2 quantifies RNA length.

As a result, poly(A) tail length control operates through a "kinetic ruler" mechanism, whereby the concentration of Nab2 quantifies RNA length.

Mature poly(A) tail length is determined by kinetic competition between CPAC-mediated tail elongation and Nab2 RNA binding rather than by the Nab2 RNA footprint.

Poly(A) tail length control operates through a kinetic ruler mechanism in which Nab2 concentration quantifies RNA length.

Variations in Nab2 RNA-binding rate can shift poly(A) tail lengths, but in cells these effects are buffered by autoregulation of Nab2 protein concentration.

Kisspeptin activates the signaling pathway by binding to its receptor kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) to promote GnRH secretion.

These neurons project to and activate gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons (acting via the kisspeptin receptor, Kiss1r) in the hypothalamus and stimulate the secretion of GnRH.

Mutations in the KISS1 gene or disorders of the kisspeptin/KISS1R system may lead to clinical symptoms such as idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (iHH), central precocious puberty (CPP) and female infertility.

The discovery of kisspeptin as a critical central regulatory factor of GnRH release... Kisspeptin activates the signaling pathway by binding to its receptor kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) to promote GnRH secretion, thereby regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) axis.

Kiss1r is expressed in adipose tissue and potentially brown adipose tissue, but the mechanisms underlying the metabolic observations remain unknown.

Among these, Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins play a pivotal role in responding to abiotic stresses and participate in a reciprocal regulatory network with the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway.

Many of the identified genes encoded late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) proteins, which are abundant proteins that accumulate during normal seed development.

The synthesized evidence redefines LEA proteins as active modulators rather than passive effectors in stress signaling.

LEA proteins play a pivotal role in plant responses to abiotic stress.

The review proposes an ABA-LEA feedback loop model in which ABA regulates LEA expression and LEA proteins feed back on ABA homeostasis and signaling.

The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system is a phylogenetically conserved neuromodulatory hub that regulates fundamental brain states and behaviors, including arousal, cognition, emotion, and pain.

The supplied web research summary states that the review emphasizes locus coeruleus norepinephrine input as a shared substrate linking stress and anxiety.

Second, we detail the intricate connectivity of its afferent and efferent circuits, explaining how specific inputs and outputs modulate LC activity and govern diverse behaviors under physiological and disease conditions.

First, we synthesize the evolutionary trajectory of the LC from non-mammalian to mammalian vertebrates, highlighting conserved properties and changes in cell number, anatomical projections, and physiological functions.

The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system is a phylogenetically conserved neuromodulatory hub that regulates fundamental brain states and behaviors, including arousal, cognition, emotion, and pain.

MR-guided focused ultrasound has been explored in the modality of low-intensity ultrasound, which allows mechanical effects on brain tissue, primarily transient blood-brain barrier opening and neuromodulation.

Low-intensity focused ultrasound represents groundbreaking medical advancements, characterized by its noninvasive feature, safety, precision, and broad neuromodulatory capabilities.

MR-guided focused ultrasound has been explored in the modality of low-intensity ultrasound, which allows mechanical effects on brain tissue, primarily transient blood-brain barrier opening and neuromodulation

ultrasound neuromodulation has been gradually applied in treating central nervous system diseases, especially stroke

Low-intensity focused ultrasound represents groundbreaking medical advancements, characterized by its noninvasive feature, safety, precision, and broad neuromodulatory capabilities.

Anti-inflammatory mediators, including IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β and M-CSF, induce diverse anti-inflammatory types of macrophages, known under the generic term M2.

Polarized macrophages can be broadly classified in two main groups... and alternatively activated macrophages (or M2), further subdivided in M2a... M2b... and M2c.

Breast tumor-associated macrophages have often been propagated as anti-inflammatory M2-like cells.

Perivascular migratory TAMs are less M2-like, whereas sessile TAMs at tumor-stroma borders and/or hypoxic regions are more M2-like or trophic.

Polarized macrophages can be broadly classified in two main groups: classically activated macrophages (or M1) ... and alternatively activated macrophages (or M2)

as well as inorganic nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles and metal oxide nanoparticles

Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity

owing to their high safety profile, low cost and excellent biocompatibility

Despite the significant progress in this field, challenges regarding the biosafety and clinical translation of nanomaterials remain.

ultrasound-enhanced contrast agents and treatment platforms based on nanomaterials have become important tools for tumor diagnosis and treatment

Primary anchor verification confirms the seed paper is PMID 31924757 / DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-13889-6, a 2020 Nature Communications article showing that PHD1/EGLN2 regulates leucine-induced mTORC1 signaling in skeletal muscle by stabilizing leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LRS/LARS1) in a hydroxylation-independent manner.

the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)

PHD1 controls muscle mTORC1 in a hydroxylation-independent manner by stabilizing leucyl tRNA synthetase

Primary anchor verification confirms the seed paper is PMID 31924757 / DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-13889-6, a 2020 Nature Communications article showing that PHD1/EGLN2 regulates leucine-induced mTORC1 signaling in skeletal muscle by stabilizing leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LRS/LARS1) in a hydroxylation-independent manner.

mTORC1 functions to regulate synaptic protein translation and is a potential critical link in our understanding of the neurobiological processes that drive addiction and relapse behavior.

the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome acts as a key mediator of innate immune responses and has been increasingly implicated in neuroinflammatory cascades leading to neuronal loss in PD.

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a subcellular multiprotein complex that is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS)...

Emerging evidence indicates a mechanistic interplay between the Nrf2-Keap1 axis and the NLRP3 inflammasome, wherein Nrf2 activation not only counteracts oxidative stress but also suppresses NLRP3-mediated inflammatory signaling.

the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome acts as a key mediator of innate immune responses and has been increasingly implicated in neuroinflammatory cascades leading to neuronal loss in PD.

with emphasis on how impaired Nrf2 signaling exacerbates NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Non-coding RNAs regulate viral replication by dampening interferon responses, while circular RNAs and lncRNAs modulate immune gene networks during infection.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA), serve as key regulatory molecules in the context of viral infection.

Non-coding RNAs regulate viral replication by dampening interferon responses, and circular RNAs and lncRNAs modulate immune gene networks during infection.

It also examines their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents for viral infections.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA), serve as key regulatory molecules in the context of viral infection.

we highlight innovative technological developments that can help to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nuclear mechanotransduction.

Mounting evidence suggests that the nucleus itself is a mechanoresponsive element, reacting to cytoskeletal forces and mediating downstream biochemical responses.

The review discusses nuclear mechanotransduction in the context of stem cell fate and disease and suggests that improved understanding may open treatment avenues.

The review states that it remains unclear which reported nuclear events are direct mechanotransduction processes and which are downstream of other mechanotransduction pathways.

The review summarizes candidate nuclear response mechanisms including partial unfolding, conformational changes and phosphorylation of nuclear envelope proteins, modulation of nuclear import and export, and altered chromatin organization leading to transcriptional changes.

optogenetic therapy has entered successfully in clinical trials for restoring vision to blind people with degenerative eye diseases

downstream retinal neurons, which can be targeted for optogenetic therapy

optogenetic therapy has entered successfully in clinical trials for restoring vision to blind people with degenerative eye diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa

Different strategies are developed in parallel to reduce required light levels and improve information processing by targeting various cell types.

Genomic approaches may thus provide efficient brain machine interfaces for sight restoration.

the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin (hypocretin) is involved in anxiety states and arousal

The supplied web research summary states that the anchor review is centered on orexin/hypocretin loss, sleepiness, and cataplexy.

we show that orexin acts upstream of the amygdala via the noradrenergic locus coeruleus to enable threat (fear) learning

Orexin/hypocretin system modulates amygdala-dependent threat learning through the locus coeruleus

Using a combination of behavioral pharmacology, slice physiology, and optogenetic techniques

Lipid-based, polymeric, metallic/inorganic, and biomimetic nanocarriers are examined for drug delivery, gene editing, and vaccine development.

The design of nanocarriers, whether lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, must therefore balance efficiency with safety. Moreover, polymeric and exosome-inspired systems promise modularity and targeted reuse, yet they demand clearer understanding of long-term biocompatibility and regulatory acceptance.

Nanoparticle-based strategies for HBV and HCV therapy include lipid-based, polymeric, metallic/inorganic, and biomimetic nanocarriers used for drug delivery, gene editing, and vaccine development.

Nanomaterials provide structural and functional advantages for delivering nucleic acids and CRISPR/Cas systems across biological barriers, but clinical translation remains constrained by unresolved challenges.

Polymeric and exosome-inspired systems promise modularity and targeted reuse but require clearer understanding of long-term biocompatibility and regulatory acceptance.

future directions for integrating Boolean logic circuits, safety switches, and automated GMP-compliant processes

In this review, we summarize the main approaches that have been developed to face such bottlenecks, including... the incorporation of safety switches to precisely control CAR-T cell activation.

Future directions include integrating Boolean logic circuits, safety switches, and automated GMP-compliant processes.

The review summarizes adapter CAR systems, Boolean-logic gating, epitope editing, modulation of cell-intrinsic signaling pathways, safety switches, and co-stimulatory domain selection as main approaches to address CAR-T bottlenecks.

Safety switches are incorporated to precisely control CAR-T cell activation.

modalities including mRNA vaccines, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and microRNA (miRNA) mimics/inhibitors

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) exhibit greater potency.

The delayed commercialization of siRNAs, despite high research interest, may be attributed to passenger stand-dependent off target effect and the immaturity of their design and modification strategies.

the majority of approved OGTs, as well as those currently in clinical trials, are antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) despite cell culture data showing that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) exhibit greater potency.

In this review, we assess cutting-edge RNA-based therapeutics for MM modulation, drawing on preclinical and clinical evidence on modalities including mRNA vaccines, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and microRNA (miRNA) mimics/inhibitors.

Responsive polymer-based materials are capable of altering their chemical and/or physical properties upon exposure to external stimuli.

This review focuses on smart nano-materials built of stimuli-responsive (SR) polymers and will discuss their numerous applications in the biomedical field.

This review highlights their use for sensing and biosensing, drug delivery, and artificial muscles/actuators.

Responsive polymer-based materials are capable of altering their chemical and/or physical properties upon exposure to external stimuli.

The review highlights diagnosis, imaging, therapeutic drug delivery, and regenerative-medicine surfaces as promising nanomedicine applications of stimuli-responsive polymers.

Here, we show that direct ultrasound stimulation on the retina can evoke neuron activities from the visual centers including the superior colliculus and the primary visual cortex (V1), in either normal-sighted or retinal degenerated blind rats in vivo.

A significant amount of effort has been devoted to investigating the feasibility of noninvasive ultrasound retinal stimulation.

Ultrasound can activate neurons in both healthy and degenerated retinas.

Noninvasive ultrasound retinal stimulation is a feasible emerging neuromodulation approach under active investigation.

Here, we show that direct ultrasound stimulation on the retina can evoke neuron activities from the visual centers including the superior colliculus and the primary visual cortex (V1), in either normal-sighted or retinal degenerated blind rats in vivo.

The primary sources of signal degradation ... are systematically explored across four major indicator classes: voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs), genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs), calcium-sensitive dyes (CSDs), and genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs).

Thanks to the development of new voltage-sensitive dyes ... photon-based exploration of neuronal electrical activity is rapidly overcoming most of the electron-based techniques for electrophysiological investigations.

The review summarizes mitigation strategies for signal-quality limitations including hardware optimization, sensor choice, sample preparation, experimental design, post-processing, and computational correction methods.

The review classifies common mechanisms that compromise data quality into photon shot noise, device-related errors, and sample-related measurement errors.

Signal degradation in biological optical imaging of membrane voltage and calcium dynamics is organized in this review across four indicator classes: VSDs, GEVIs, CSDs, and GECIs.

ZEITLUPE (ZTL)

We found that the F-box proteins ZEITLUPE (ZTL) and Lov Kelch Protein2 (LKP2) ... are not required for the blue light-dependent CRY2 degradation.

Far-red light counteracted ZTL activity by decreasing its abundance (possibly via phytochrome A (phyA)) while increasing GIGANTEA (GI) levels and negatively affecting the formation of the ZTL-GI complex in the morning.

Here, we demonstrate that ZEITLUPE (ZTL) interacts with the FT repressors TARGET OF EATs (TOEs), thereby repressing morning FT expression in natural environments.

Under LDs with simulated sunlight (R:FR = 1.0) and daily temperature cycles, which are natural LD-mimicking environmental conditions, FT transcript levels in the ztl mutant were high specifically in the morning, a pattern that was mirrored in the toe1 toe2 double mutant.

by bending their supporting electrodes to maximize aggregation-induced emission (AIE)

Luminogenic materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) attributes have attracted much interest since the debut of the AIE concept in 2001.

Multimodal characterization indicates that mechanically controlled emission and UV-light-enhanced Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes produce a giant enhancement of molecular conductance.

Using tetraphenylethylene derivatives with more aggregation-induced-emission-active sites could improve performance to switching ratios on the order of 10^5.

Technological, especially optoelectronic and biological, applications of the AIE systems are exemplified to illustrate how the novel AIE effect can be utilized for high-tech innovations.

Contemporary theories of emotion converge around the key role of the amygdala as the central subcortical emotional brain structure that constantly evaluates and integrates a variety of sensory information from the surroundings and assigns them appropriate values of emotional dimensions, such as valence, intensity, and approachability.

The anchor paper reports human hypocretin-1 and MCH measured in the human amygdala.

Contemporary theories of emotion converge around the key role of the amygdala as the central subcortical emotional brain structure that constantly evaluates and integrates a variety of sensory information from the surroundings and assigns them appropriate values of emotional dimensions, such as valence, intensity, and approachability.

The amygdala participates in the regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions, decision-making and adaptations of instinctive and motivational behaviors to changes in the environment

through implicit associative learning, changes in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, and activation of the fight-or-flight response via efferent projections from its central nucleus to cortical and subcortical structures.

The 2025 Conference on Bacteriophages: Biology, Dynamics, and Therapeutics

Among the most promising innovations are bacteriophages-viruses that specifically infect bacteria

This summary provides highlights of the 43 oral and 97 poster presentations made during this 2.5-day conference.

reflecting a field rapidly translating novel biological insights from the laboratory into clinical applications

The meeting emphasized collaboration across the full spectrum of phage science-from molecular biology to clinical translation

After more than a century of work concentrating on the motor functions of the basal ganglia, new ideas have emerged, suggesting that the basal ganglia also have major functions in relation to learning habits and acquiring motor skills.

The "basal ganglia" refers to a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions.

After more than a century of work concentrating on the motor functions of the basal ganglia, new ideas have emerged, suggesting that the basal ganglia also have major functions in relation to learning habits and acquiring motor skills.

Disruption of the basal ganglia network forms the basis for several movement disorders.

The "basal ganglia" refers to a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions.

Optogenetics also plays a critical role in bioelectronic medicine, enabling seamless communication between electronic systems and biological tissues to enhance therapeutic precision.

Clinical advances stemming from this knowledge within the framework of bioelectronic medicine are also briefly outlined.

The review states that optogenetics plays a critical role in bioelectronic medicine by enabling communication between electronic systems and biological tissues to enhance therapeutic precision.

The molecular detection of pathogen fragments, cytokines, and other immune molecules by sensory neurons generates immunoregulatory responses through efferent autonomic neuron signaling.

The functional organization of this neural control is based on principles of reflex regulation.

This review systematically examines the integration of engineered protein modifications with biosensing technologies to enhance analytical performance and diagnostic accuracy.

The discussion then focuses on recent developments in integrated bioelectronics as a platform for externally triggered closed-loop systems, summarising key innovations in biosensing technologies, personalized therapeutic strategies, and data-driven control algorithms.

Recent externally triggered closed-loop systems include innovations in biosensing technologies, personalized therapeutic strategies, and data-driven control algorithms.

Despite advances in detection platforms, real-world integration and standardization remain persistent challenges for protein modification-based biosensing approaches.

Integrating engineered protein modifications with biosensing technologies can enhance analytical performance and diagnostic accuracy.

improved dystrophin expression in muscle fibres with a ubiquitous CAG promoter (1.61-fold in CAG vs. MHCK7, p < 0.0001)

two GC-rich regions located within the synthetic CAG promoter and the KAT2B coding region may form guanine (G)-quadruplexes

improved dystrophin expression in muscle fibres with a ubiquitous CAG promoter (1.61-fold in CAG vs. MHCK7, p < 0.0001) in mdx mice

deletion mutagenesis revealed that either of the two GC-rich regions is sufficient for rendering the plasmid incompatible with P3a mutagenesis

two GC-rich regions located within the synthetic CAG promoter and the KAT2B coding region may form guanine (G)-quadruplexes and hinder plasmid denaturation during PCR

Although there are no cures for these conditions, cerebellar stimulation is quickly gaining attention for symptomatic alleviation, as cerebellar circuitry has arisen as a promising target for invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation.

This article presents the use of stimulation of the anterior and centromedian nucleus of the thalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia, cerebellum and hypothalamus.

We report on the most advanced techniques for manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans and animal models and define key hurdles and questions for moving forward.

We report on the most advanced techniques for manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans and animal models and define key hurdles and questions for moving forward.

The cerebellum is best known for its role in controlling motor behaviors. However, recent work supports the view that it also influences non-motor behaviors.

The title states that the paper reports a fluorescent reporter to track chaperone-mediated autophagy.

In this study, we have identified a compensatory upregulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in different cellular and mouse models of HD.

The efficiency of compensatory CMA in Huntington's disease may decrease with age and contribute to cellular failure and pathological manifestations.

CMA activity increases in response to macroautophagic dysfunction in the early stages of Huntington's disease.

Chaperone-mediated autophagy is compensatorily upregulated in cellular and mouse models of Huntington's disease.

The review scope explicitly emphasizes cholinergic anti-inflammatory signaling in AKI.

The supplied web research summary states that the review centers on the inflammatory reflex/cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in kidney disease.

The review context links vagus nerve stimulation and pulsed ultrasound to activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the setting of acute kidney injury.

This review synthesizes evidence that the neuroimmune axis is relevant to acute kidney injury and discusses cholinergic anti-inflammatory signaling, vagus nerve stimulation, pulsed ultrasound, renal innervation, and optogenetic circuit analysis as key components of that topic.

The review discusses pulsed ultrasound as a nonpharmacologic intervention that can activate spleen-associated cholinergic anti-inflammatory signaling relevant to kidney injury.

Our results were cross-validated using two different chemogenetic actuators, clozapine (CLZ) and clozapine-N-oxide (CNO).

Actuator ligands low-dose clozapine (CLZ) and deschloroclozapine (DCZ) are highly selective for DREADDs... Despite this reported specificity, both CLZ and DCZ have partial affinity for a variety of endogenous receptors and can induce dose-specific changes even in naïve animals.

Our results were cross-validated using two different chemogenetic actuators, clozapine (CLZ) and clozapine-N-oxide (CNO).

In contrast, CLZ administration induced consistent changes in rs-FC and INTs prior to DREADD expression in our subjects.

Our results caution against the use of CLZ by explicitly demonstrating the impact of off-target effects that can confound experimental results. Altogether, these data endorse the use of low dose DCZ for future DREADD-based experiments.

CRISPR-Cas genome-editing technologies have emerged as powerful tools for precise DNA and RNA modulation

These innovations, alongside the development of CRISPR-Cas technologies, have significantly enhanced the precision, efficiency, and scalability of genetic screening approaches.

Preclinical and early translational studies demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas platforms can correct pathogenic mutations, suppress toxic gene expression, and restore neuronal function.

These innovations, alongside the development of CRISPR-Cas technologies, have significantly enhanced the precision, efficiency, and scalability of genetic screening approaches.

CRISPR-Cas genome-editing technologies offer promising therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders including AD, PD, HD, and ALS.

Algae utilize various light-sensitive proteins-including flavin-based receptors (phototropins, cryptochromes, aureochromes, BLUF proteins)...

In plants and fungi the photoreceptive rhodopsins, light oxygen voltage proteins, phytochromes and cryptochromes sense changes in and facilitate the adaptation to the light environment.

Algae use multiple photoreceptor classes including phototropins, cryptochromes, aureochromes, BLUF proteins, rhodopsins, phytochromes, neochromes, and UV-B photoreceptors to sense and integrate light quality and quantity.

Algae utilize various light-sensitive proteins-including flavin-based receptors (phototropins, cryptochromes, aureochromes, BLUF proteins), retinal-based rhodopsins, tetrapyrrole-based phytochromes, hybrid neochromes, and UV-B photoreceptors - to sense and integrate both light quality and quantity.

In plants and fungi, photoreceptive rhodopsins, light oxygen voltage proteins, phytochromes, and cryptochromes sense changes in the light environment and facilitate adaptation to that environment.

The mechanisms of developmental bioelectricity - the ability of all cells to form electrical networks that process information - suggest a plausible set of gradual evolutionary steps...

Here, we review recent data on developmental bioelectricity as a regulator of patterning

This set of hypotheses provides a novel perspective on numerous phenomena, such as cancer, and makes several unique, testable predictions ... with implications not only for evolutionary developmental biology but also for biomedicine and perhaps artificial intelligence and exobiology.

The mechanisms of developmental bioelectricity ... suggest a plausible set of gradual evolutionary steps that naturally lead from physiological homeostasis in single cells to memory, prediction, and ultimately complex cognitive agents

Target morphology could be encoded within tissues as a kind of memory using molecular mechanisms and algorithms analogous to those exploited by the brain.

Domain insertion engineering is a powerful approach to juxtapose otherwise separate biological functions, resulting in proteins with new-to-nature activities.

Domain insertion engineering is a promising approach to recombine the functions of evolutionarily unrelated proteins.

The work enables one-shot domain insertion engineering and substantially accelerates design of customized allosteric proteins.

Domain insertion engineering can recombine functions of evolutionarily unrelated proteins.

Insertion of light-switchable receptor domains into a selected effector protein can yield allosteric effectors with light-dependent activity.

it is necessary to assess the influence of the tested compounds on cellular processes such as the cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy, and apoptosis.

epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

To develop effective anti-cancer therapy, it is essential to understand the processes regulating the progression and suppression of a given type of cancer. For this reason, it is necessary to assess the influence of the tested compounds on cellular processes such as the cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy, and apoptosis.

Vimentin overexpression in MCF7 cells increased cell stiffness, elevated cell motility and directional migration, reoriented microtubule polarity, and increased EMT phenotypes.

The increased EMT phenotypes observed with vimentin overexpression in MCF7 cells were associated with increased β1-integrin and loss of E-cadherin.

Neural excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance plays a pivotal role in the aging process.

underlying excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) imbalance, a common finding in ASD models

The genes discussed in the review show an association with age-related motor neuron diseases such as ALS.

Disruptions in excitatory/inhibitory balance contribute to the pathophysiology of age-related motor dysfunction.

This review proposes that these core features may stem from somatosensory system dysfunction responsible for processing sensory information driven by an underlying excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) imbalance

recent developments in microscope technology and in the synthesis of fluorescent probes, both synthetic and genetically encoded

Development of new fluorescent probes and fluorescence microscopes has led to new ways to study cell biology.

There are hurdles to overcome before applying novel optical tools in neurogastroenterology and motility.

Recent developments in microscope technology and in synthetic and genetically encoded fluorescent probes are relevant to investigating cellular activity in the intestinal wall.

One of the inherent limitations of fluorescence microscopy is the resolution.

A multitude of neurotransmitter systems contributes to the fine-tuning of the local circuitry, of which cholinergic and GABAergic signaling are particularly emerging as relevant components of affective pain processing within the prefrontal cortex.

Here, we summarize recent data concerning the functional role of GABA in building up and refining neuronal circuits early in development and the molecular mechanisms regulating the E/I balance.

cholinergic and GABAergic signaling are particularly emerging as relevant components of affective pain processing within the prefrontal cortex

GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in adult life, at late embryonic/early postnatal stages has been shown to depolarize and excite targeted cell through an outwardly directed flux of chloride.

The depolarizing action of GABA and associated calcium influx regulate a variety of developmental processes from cell migration and differentiation to synapse formation.

Several recent studies in a number of model systems including zebrafish, Arabidopsis, and mouse have revealed phenotypic differences between knockouts (i.e., mutants) and knockdowns (e.g., antisense-treated animals).

The upstream summary states that the abstract explicitly highlights gene-knockout evidence.

A zebrafish study reported genetic compensation in egfl7 mutants but not in knockdown animals.

Recent studies across zebrafish, Arabidopsis, and mouse have reported phenotypic differences between gene knockouts and gene knockdowns.

The review emphasizes glutamate and GABA neurotransmission, gene-knockout evidence, and forward-genetics approaches as important lines of evidence for rodent aggressive behavior.

Synthetic biology employs engineering principles to construct genetic circuits with customized functionality, empowering unprecedented control over biological systems.

Synthetic receptors and genetic circuits are powerful tools to customize the cellular sense-and-response process, suggesting their underlying roles in precise control of cell fate decision and function reconstruction.

Design principles, enabling tools, and engineering strategies for creating high-performing synthetic biosensors include tuning dose-response characteristics such as detection limit, detection threshold, operating range, dynamic range, and leakiness.

Synthetic biosensors can be functionally extended by customizing signal-processing and output modules.

Synthetic receptors and genetic circuits are suggested to enable precise control of pluripotent stem cell fate decisions and function reconstruction.

Key phytohormones-auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinins, jasmonates, ethylene, strigolactones, and gibberellins-are highlighted for their remarkable regulatory roles in animal physiology, with a special focus on their implications for human health.

Gibberellins (GAs) are growth-promoting phytohormones... we use light-regulated hypocotyl elongation as a case study... to discuss the role of GAs as central nodes in networks connecting environmental inputs to growth.

Key phytohormones-auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinins, jasmonates, ethylene, strigolactones, and gibberellins-are highlighted for their remarkable regulatory roles in animal physiology, with a special focus on their implications for human health.

Gibberellins are growth-promoting phytohormones.

The review presents gibberellins and DELLAs as central nodes in networks connecting environmental inputs to growth.

long-term epigenetic programming via histone lactylation establishes a stable immunosuppressive transcriptome

Lactate generated by aerobic glycolysis is an essential substrate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and for post-translational modifications via histone lactylation and epigenetic regulation.

The proposed metabolic-epigenetic axis links lactylation to immunosuppression through two synergistic mechanisms: histone lactylation for stable epigenetic programming and non-histone lactylation for rapid modulation of protein activity and stability.

The roles of lactate and lactylation modification in sepsis remain unclear.

Lactate generated by aerobic glycolysis serves as a substrate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and for histone lactylation-associated epigenetic regulation.

Since the ion transport by these pumps induces hyperpolarization of membrane potential and inhibit neural firing, light-driven ion-pumping rhodopsins are mostly applied as inhibitory optogenetics tools.

The source title and supplied summary together indicate a review of genetically encoded molecular tools for optical silencing of neurons.

Light-driven ion-pumping rhodopsins are mostly applied as inhibitory optogenetics tools.

Ion transport by light-driven ion-pump rhodopsins induces membrane hyperpolarization and inhibits neural firing.

The review discusses expression, trafficking, spectra, kinetics, and engineering as relevant properties of inhibitory optogenetic silencing tools.

Key phytohormones-auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinins, jasmonates, ethylene, strigolactones, and gibberellins-are highlighted for their remarkable regulatory roles in animal physiology, with a special focus on their implications for human health.

Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development.

Key phytohormones-auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinins, jasmonates, ethylene, strigolactones, and gibberellins-are highlighted for their remarkable regulatory roles in animal physiology, with a special focus on their implications for human health.

Initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine.

The complex nature of jasmonate signalling networks in stress responses and development, including hormone cross-talk, can now be addressed.

The use of light to control biology offers unparalleled spatiotemporal resolution from an external, orthogonal signal.

Specifically, light-controlled gene expression exhibits an enormous potential for various synthetic bio(techno)logical purposes.

A variety of methods have been developed that use light to control the steps of transcription and translation of specific genes into proteins, for cell-free to in vivo biotechnology applications.

The use of light to control biology offers unparalleled spatiotemporal resolution from an external, orthogonal signal.

Although the majority of currently available technologies employ ultraviolet light, there has been a recent increase in the use of functionalities that work at longer wavelengths of light, to minimise cellular damage and increase tissue penetration.

This review article is focused on reactive species implicated in oxidative processes in meat, on lipid peroxidation mechanisms, heme protein, and nonheme protein oxidation, and on some toxic oxidation and digestion products.

Given the enormity of this field, this review focuses on biochemical concepts of lipid peroxidation...

The review describes heme protein oxidation as interrelated with lipid peroxidation and significant for food quality.

The review states that nonenzymatic fatty-acid peroxidation chain initiation can proceed through singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical from the Fenton reaction, and perferrylmyoglobin pathways.

The review identifies lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation as the two main related oxidative processes initiated in meat after slaughter under conditions including antioxidant system loss, reactive species production, oxygen and light exposure, iron, and irradiation.

Innovations such as affinity-tuned and logic-gated CARs improve specificity and safety.

Logic-gated CARs improve selectivity through dual-antigen recognition or conditional activation.

Logic-gated CARs improve selectivity through dual-antigen recognition or conditional activation.

Logic-gated CARs improve specificity and safety in CAR T cells for solid tumors.

its application in AML has been limited by early relapses and severe toxicities

Microbial channelrhodopsins (ChRs) allow precise manipulation of neuronal and cardiac activities.

Optogenetic vision restoration has been demonstrated by using a variety of optogenetic tools, especially microbial channelrhodopsins (ChRs).

Microbial channelrhodopsins (ChRs) allow precise manipulation of neuronal and cardiac activities

We also discuss our studies for developing better ChR tools and for restoring intrinsic visual processing features in retinas with degenerated photoreceptors.

since then, optogenetic vision restoration has been demonstrated by using a variety of optogenetic tools, especially microbial channelrhodopsins (ChRs).

Plant regeneration relies on extensive transcriptional reprogramming and epigenetic remodeling orchestrated by morphogenic regulators that modulate meristem identity, as well as cellular pluri- and totipotency.

the integration of morphogenic regulators and genotype-independent transformation platforms is beginning to circumvent long-standing obstacles in Capsicum genetic engineering

Morphogenic regulators orchestrate transcriptional reprogramming and epigenetic remodeling that support meristem identity and cellular pluri- and totipotency during plant regeneration.

Efficient in vitro regeneration is a major constraint in wheat genetic transformation, genome editing, and molecular breeding.

Morphogenic factors emerge as central molecular tools for overcoming regeneration bottlenecks and enabling next-generation wheat improvement.

Integrating single-cell and multiomics approaches highlights disease-driving cell types and gene programs. Multi-omics approaches and computational modeling hold promise for unraveling disease complexity.

Harnessing CRISPR-based editing and multi-omics approaches will accelerate the exploitation of VQ genes for developing climate-resilient crops.

Harnessing CRISPR-based editing and multi-omics approaches will accelerate the exploitation of VQ genes for developing climate-resilient crops.

Future progress in vascular disease research should prioritize multi-center large-scale validation studies, harmonization of assay protocols, and integration with clinical datasets and human samples.

Multi-omics approaches and computational modeling hold promise for unraveling disease complexity, and digital twins may accelerate personalized medicine in vascular disease research and treatment.

Advanced strategies to enhance their bioavailability, such as encapsulation and nano-delivery systems, are discussed.

integrating ultrasound technology with nano-delivery systems can improve drug delivery efficiency and overcome physiological barriers

Encapsulation and nano-delivery systems are discussed as strategies to enhance the bioavailability of mulberry anthocyanins.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that integrating ultrasound technology with nano-delivery systems can improve drug delivery efficiency and overcome physiological barriers.

Despite the significant progress in this field, challenges regarding the biosafety and clinical translation of nanomaterials remain.

As optogenetics precisely targets and modulates neuronal activity, it holds the potential for significant breakthroughs in understanding and potentially altering the course of neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by selective neuronal loss leading to functional deficits within the nervous system.

The review title explicitly states implications for neurodegenerative diseases.

Optogenetics has potential to advance understanding of and potentially alter the course of neurodegenerative diseases.

Integration of optogenetics into neurodegenerative disease research has significantly advanced the field and opened innovative treatment strategies.

Clinical application of optogenetics in neurodegenerative disease is still nascent but appears promising.

Osteosarcoma (OS) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are the most prevalent pediatric sarcoma subtypes of the bones and soft tissues respectively.

Studies have confirmed that the NF-κB signaling pathway is an important driver of osteosarcoma.

CAR-based treatment for osteosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma has been investigated in pre-clinical studies, and first promising clinical trial results have recently been published.

The NF-κB signaling pathway is an important driver of osteosarcoma.

Abnormal activation of the NF-κB pathway in osteosarcoma promotes cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and enhances migration, invasion, and immune escape.

The studies revealed that a proteolytic activity resides within the photosystem II core complex.

isolated oxygen evolving photosystem II core complexes

The protease is apparently active in darkness, with the initiation of breakdown being dependent on high light-induced substrate activation.

The studies revealed that a proteolytic activity resides within the photosystem II core complex.

Photoinhibitory illumination of isolated oxygen evolving photosystem II core complexes results in a substantial degradation of the D1-protein

We discuss how organisms use light information in a way crucial for their development, growth and survival: phototropism, phototaxis, photoperiodism, and synchronization of circadian clocks.

One of the regulatory mechanisms involved in these responses is phototropism, which allows plants to change their growth direction in response to the location of the light source.

We discuss how organisms use light information in a way crucial for their development, growth and survival: phototropism, phototaxis, photoperiodism, and synchronization of circadian clocks. These aspects are treated in depth, as their perturbation underlies much of the disruptive effects of ALAN.

The molecular mechanisms underlying Arabidopsis phototropism include phototropin blue light photoreceptors, phototropin signaling components, auxin transporters, and auxin action mechanisms.

The review emphasizes recent progress in elucidating phototropic responses with particular emphasis on mutant phenotypes.

Algae utilize various light-sensitive proteins-including ... tetrapyrrole-based phytochromes...

Algae utilize various light-sensitive proteins-including ... tetrapyrrole-based phytochromes ... to sense and integrate both light quality and quantity.

In plants and fungi the photoreceptive rhodopsins, light oxygen voltage proteins, phytochromes and cryptochromes sense changes in and facilitate the adaptation to the light environment.

Algae use multiple photoreceptor classes including phototropins, cryptochromes, aureochromes, BLUF proteins, rhodopsins, phytochromes, neochromes, and UV-B photoreceptors to sense and integrate light quality and quantity.

Algae utilize various light-sensitive proteins-including flavin-based receptors (phototropins, cryptochromes, aureochromes, BLUF proteins), retinal-based rhodopsins, tetrapyrrole-based phytochromes, hybrid neochromes, and UV-B photoreceptors - to sense and integrate both light quality and quantity.

In plants and fungi, photoreceptive rhodopsins, light oxygen voltage proteins, phytochromes, and cryptochromes sense changes in the light environment and facilitate adaptation to that environment.

We compared three manufacturing methods for diclofenac-loaded liposomes: probe sonication, microfluidic mixing, and a high-turbulence microreactor, under a Quality-by-Design framework.

The implementation of a quality-by-design framework is the heart of the AAV-based gene therapy manufacturing process.

DSC supported a 70-85 °C processing window.

A data-driven quality-by-design approach mitigates process inconsistency and provides the foundation for process validation and regulatory compliance in AAV manufacturing.

Rigorous process characterization using validated scale-down models and design of experiments is a prerequisite for establishing a robust control strategy with defined proven and normal operating ranges.

NRF1 enhanced SASP by transcriptionally regulating TBK1 and IRF3, critical nodes in innate immunity essential for senescence induction.

RNA viruses such as HCV and HIV induce ROS generation, DNA damage, induction of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)...

Mechanistically, NRF1 enhanced SASP by transcriptionally regulating TBK1 and IRF3, critical nodes in innate immunity essential for senescence induction.

Here, we elucidate the pivotal role of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) in orchestrating innate immune responses that drive senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

RNA viruses including HCV and HIV are described as inducing ROS generation, DNA damage, SASP, metabolic reprogramming, G1 cell-cycle arrest, telomere shortening, and epigenetic modification.

defining smart microscopy as the combination of real-time analysis, feedback control, and automated actuation

Smart microscopy is transforming biological imaging by integrating real-time analysis with adaptive acquisition to enhance imaging efficiency.

Smart microscopy allows experiments to navigate competing demands such as resolution, speed, and sample health.

Smart microscopy systems actively adapt acquisition settings in real time based on information extracted from the sample.

Smart microscopy is defined as the combination of real-time analysis, feedback control, and automated actuation.

Here, we review evidence from both animal models and humans that is increasingly revealing the neurophysiological and neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie stress susceptibility, as well as active mechanisms underlying the resilience phenotype.

a relatively small proportion of people (10-20%) experiencing prolonged stress develop stress-related psychiatric disorders, including depression (susceptibility to stress)

Evidence from animal models and humans is revealing neurophysiological and neuropsychological mechanisms underlying both stress susceptibility and resilience.

An accumulating body of evidence is revealing the genetic, epigenetic, and neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie stress susceptibility, as well as the active mechanisms that underlie the resilience phenotype.

a relatively small proportion of people (10-20%) experiencing prolonged stress develop stress-related psychiatric disorders, including depression (susceptibility to stress), whereas most stress-exposed individuals maintain normal psychological functioning (resilience to stress)

reduced levels of carotenoid-derived hormones, strigolactones and abscisic acid, in roots

Key phytohormones-auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinins, jasmonates, ethylene, strigolactones, and gibberellins-are highlighted for their remarkable regulatory roles in animal physiology, with a special focus on their implications for human health.

The findings dissociate the roles of aerenchyma formation and iron plaque formation and support a model in which OsPSY2 integrates hormonal signaling to drive root plasticity.

CRISPR-Cas9-induced psy2 mutants have reduced root levels of the carotenoid-derived hormones strigolactones and abscisic acid.

In psy2 mutants, exogenous strigolactones rescue aerenchyma formation.

Notably, bibliometric analysis revealed that besides metal-based nanoparticles, viral-like particles, polymer nanoparticles, and lipid nanoparticles in the field of delivery system research...

This review focuses on current in vivo CAR-T delivery strategies, including viral vectors (such as lentiviruses, γ-retroviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and viral-like particles)...

Research on nanoparticles in influenza is rapidly advancing with a primary focus on vaccine development and delivery optimization.

Current in vivo CAR-T delivery platforms are engineered to achieve efficient, specific, and safe CAR transgene transfer.

Optimizing delivery systems and advancing vaccine development are central research priorities in nanoparticle influenza research.

We additionally prepared OPO loaded with adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and demonstrated that AAV titre is homogeneously distributed throughout the material, is stable for up to 3 days, and that AAVs administered in OPO are able to transduce ARPE-19 cells.

The editorial explicitly points to five topic contributions and highlights several concrete subthemes: oncolytic viruses, adenoviral and AAV delivery, nanoparticle-enabled combination immunotherapy, and translation from preclinical models to patients.

AAVs administered in OPO are able to transduce ARPE-19 cells.

AAVs loaded in OPO are homogeneously distributed throughout the material and remain stable for up to 3 days.

This editorial summarizes a research topic on vector-based gene delivery in cancer immunotherapy and highlights oncolytic viruses, adenoviral delivery, AAV delivery, nanoparticle-enabled combination immunotherapy, and translation from preclinical models to patients as concrete subthemes.

Metabolites, such as sulfated polysaccharides, lectins, alkaloids, and terpenoids, display inhibitory activity across multiple stages of the HIV life cycle

Increasing evidence suggests that natural chemicals, such as polyphenols, isothiocyanates, curcumin, and alkaloids, are inhibitors of HIF-1α.

Metabolites, such as sulfated polysaccharides, lectins, alkaloids, and terpenoids, display inhibitory activity across multiple stages of the HIV life cycle, including viral entry, reverse transcription, integration, and maturation.

recent discoveries showcase the chemical diversity of marine ecosystems and validate their utility as hit and compound sources in drug discovery

Natural chemicals including polyphenols, isothiocyanates, curcumin, and alkaloids are described as inhibitors of HIF-1α.

modalities including mRNA vaccines, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and microRNA (miRNA) mimics/inhibitors

the majority of approved OGTs, as well as those currently in clinical trials, are antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) despite cell culture data showing that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) exhibit greater potency.

the majority of approved OGTs, as well as those currently in clinical trials, are antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) despite cell culture data showing that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) exhibit greater potency.

In this review, we assess cutting-edge RNA-based therapeutics for MM modulation, drawing on preclinical and clinical evidence on modalities including mRNA vaccines, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and microRNA (miRNA) mimics/inhibitors.

By integrating these insights, we underscore RNA technologies' transformative potential to achieve durable remissions, overcome resistance, and reduce costs-paving the way for personalized, safer treatments in refractory MM.

The supplied web research summary states that Arc appears in the anchor review as a plasticity-linked molecule with possible broader memory roles.

Immediate Early Genes (IEGs) such as, c-fos, Egr1 and arc are selectively and promptly upregulated in learning and memory among neuronal subpopulations in regions associated with these processes.

Although many studies support changes in immediate early gene expression during learning and memory, few studies directly analyze the implication of these genes in mental illnesses.

Immediate early genes including c-Fos, Egr1, and Arc are selectively and rapidly upregulated during learning and memory in neuronal subpopulations associated with these processes.

Changes in expression of c-Fos, Egr1, and Arc have been observed in recognition, working, and fear-related memories across the brain.

breakthroughs in eco-friendly chemistry, creation of artificial cells and synthetic biologicals ensure that the development of cell-free system is effective in biotransformation

Artificial cells serve as controllable models for neurotransmitter signaling, immune interactions, and gut-brain communication.

breakthroughs in eco-friendly chemistry, creation of artificial cells and synthetic biologicals ensure that the development of cell-free system is effective in biotransformation and is the fundamental basis for future production and advancements.

Design biology advances including artificial cells, DNA nanostructures, AI-driven molecular design, biofoundries, and next-generation genome editing are transforming mind-body health sciences.

Artificial cells can serve as controllable models for neurotransmitter signaling, immune interactions, and gut-brain communication.

Prospectively, the advancements in ... brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies promise to accelerate discoveries in neural regeneration further...

The brain-computer interface (BCI) is one of the most powerful tools in neuroscience and generally includes a recording system, a processor system, and a stimulation system.