affinity biosensors

Strategies to mitigate nonspecific binding include optimizing conjugation and orientation, increasing binding site accessibility and density through structural design, removing interfering species, and implementing signal-level strategies.

The reviewed insights provide a roadmap for designing next-generation biosensors with high accuracy, robust selectivity, and real-world applicability.

Nonspecific binding is a major contributor to poor biosensor selectivity and can cause false-positive or false-negative results.

Selectivity is a limiting factor for practical biosensor performance under real-world conditions, especially in complex and heterogeneous sample matrices.