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carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants

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Evidence Snippets

This Review describes selected examples of natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based adjuvants and their application in synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccines, while also discussing current understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action.

Evidence 1Source 1DOI PubMedprovenance

Supporting Sources

Source 1review2021Nature Reviews ChemistryDOI PubMed

1 evidence snippet 4 linked claims Claim 1 Claim 2 Claim 3

Linked Claims

Claim 1limitationsupports2021Source 1DOI PubMed

Naturally derived carbohydrate adjuvants are heterogeneous, difficult to obtain, and in some cases unstable.

Claim 2mechanistic gapsupports2021Source 1DOI PubMed

The molecular mechanisms of action of carbohydrate adjuvants are generally not fully understood, partly because of a lack of tools to elucidate their immune-potentiating effects.

Claim 3need statementsupports2021Source 1DOI PubMed

Modern subunit vaccines are less immunogenic than traditional whole-pathogen vaccines and therefore require adjuvants to increase immunogenicity and potentiate immune responses.

Claim 4translational statussupports2021Source 1DOI PubMed

A number of natural and synthetic carbohydrate structures have been used as adjuvants in clinical trials, and two have recently been approved in human vaccines.