This review synthesizes... complementary environmental strategies-including metabolic substrate switching, electromechanical stimulation, and extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated mitochondrial transfer... integration with environmental maturation strategies further promotes adult-like phenotypes.
First-pass extracted concept
environmental maturation strategies
Aliases
3D tissue culture, electromechanical stimulation, EV-mediated mitochondrial transfer, metabolic conditioning, metabolic substrate switching
Evidence Snippets
Supporting Sources
Linked Claims
Integrative approaches combining genome-guided interventions with environmental maturation cues yield the most adult-like iPSC-CM phenotypes reported to date.
The key bottleneck in iPSC-CM maturation is mitochondrial immaturity caused by blunted PGC-1α-NRF1/2-TFAM axis activation and insufficient nuclear-mitochondrial coordination rather than sarcomeric or electrophysiological immaturity alone.
Human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes exhibit fetal-like mitochondrial networks and limited oxidative metabolism that constrain their translational utility.