Fibrinogen is highlighted as a key contextual component in the review's discussion of breast tumorigenesis and fibrinolytic physiology.
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fibrinogen
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The review states that breast-cancer risk is greater when estrogen replacement is combined with progesterone, whereas isolated estrogen use does not represent a significant risk.
The review concludes that free estrogen and fibrinogen-related proteins including FGL1 and FGL2 play a role in failure of immune containment of malignant cells in breast cancer.
The review argues that inconsistencies in estrogen-centered theories of breast tumor initiation motivate a new hypothesis emphasizing fibrinogen and related components.
The review presents fibrinogen-related immune-containment failure as opening another field of therapeutic research for breast cancer.