This phenomenon has been termed inverse agonism and the corresponding ligands are referred to as inverse agonists.
First-pass extracted concept
inverse agonism
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Classification of ligands as inverse agonists, neutral antagonists, or partial agonists is strongly dependent on receptor system and experimental conditions.
GPCRs can display constitutive activity in the absence of agonist, and some ligands previously considered antagonists can suppress this spontaneous activity as inverse agonists with negative intrinsic activity.
The concept of inverse agonism supports a two-state GPCR model in which receptors pre-exist in equilibrium between active and inactive states.
Inverse agonism and constitutive receptor activity are unequivocally demonstrated in vitro, but their pathophysiological consequences remain far from self-evident.