Superoxide (O2(*-)) is the proximal mitochondrial ROS, and in the present review I outline the principles that govern O2(*-) production within the matrix of mammalian mitochondria.
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mitochondrial superoxide production
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O2(*-) production within the matrix of mammalian mitochondria
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Mitochondria actively making ATP produce far less superoxide than mitochondria in the high-protonmotive-force or high-NADH states described for isolated mitochondria.
Generation of superoxide within the mitochondrial matrix depends critically on protonmotive force, the NADH/NAD+ ratio, the CoQH2/CoQ ratio, and local oxygen concentration.
Because the determinants of mitochondrial superoxide generation are highly variable and difficult to measure in vivo, superoxide production rates from isolated mitochondria cannot be used to estimate in vivo mitochondrial superoxide generation reliably.
Mitochondrial superoxide flux is related to the concentration of potential electron donors, local oxygen concentration, and the second-order rate constants for their reactions.
Superoxide is the proximal mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in mammalian mitochondria.
In isolated mitochondria, significant superoxide production occurs predominantly from complex I when mitochondria are not making ATP and therefore have high protonmotive force and a reduced coenzyme Q pool.
In isolated mitochondria, significant superoxide production occurs predominantly from complex I when the mitochondrial matrix has a high NADH to NAD+ ratio.