A major contributor to this problem is nonspecific binding, the unintended interaction between biosensor and nontarget species.
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nonspecific binding
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Strategies to mitigate nonspecific binding include optimizing conjugation and orientation, increasing binding site accessibility and density through structural design, removing interfering species, and implementing signal-level strategies.
The origins, mechanisms, and implications of nonspecific binding remain insufficiently understood and are actively debated.
Nonspecific binding is a major contributor to poor biosensor selectivity and can cause false-positive or false-negative results.