Optogenetic tools use light-sensitive proteins to manipulate neuronal activity. The abstract states that they enable selective, reversible control with millisecond precision.
First-pass extracted concept
optogenetic tools
Candidate: concept label30 source documents79 linked claims
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Aliases
optical tools, optogenetic manipulations, optogenetics, optogenetic tool
Extracted Explainers
What the tool is doing
Optogenetic tools use light to control cell functions relevant to cancer biology. The abstract specifically states control over ion flux, gene expression, gene editing, and protein-protein interactions.
Optogenetic tools are presented as methods to regulate enzymatic activity or gene expression at key signalling nodes using light. The review frames them as dynamic alternatives to static genetic perturbations or chemical induction.
The abstract describes optogenetic tools as approaches used in recent papers to investigate astrocytic involvement in memory. They are characterized here as time-restricted and cell-type specific.
The abstract states that optogenetic tools can precisely control T-cell receptor activation, cytokine release, and the activity of other immune effector cells.
Optogenetic tools are described as optical methods that directly alter neuronal depolarization or hyperpolarization. The review frames them as manipulation tools whose outcomes can depend on sex and hormonal state.
Optogenetic tools let researchers selectively activate or inhibit defined neuronal populations with millisecond-scale timing. In this review, they are framed as tools for probing seizure circuits and for attempting seizure control.
The paper uses optogenetic tools as part of a combined experimental approach to reveal phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics of gasdermin pores. The abstract presents them as enabling mechanistic interrogation rather than as a single named construct.
Optogenetic tools use light-sensitive proteins to manipulate protein interactions, localization, and activity states. The review frames them as a way to dissect and direct information flow in signaling systems.
Optogenetic tools use gene-encoded components together with light to control cellular processes. In this review, they are framed as tools for regulating signaling pathways, subcellular localization, and gene expression.
The source describes optogenetic tools as enabling dissection of brain function, especially sleep-wake regulation and sleep rhythms.
These tools use light to control protein activity. The abstract states that they provide fast and reversible control with subcellular spatial precision.
The paper states that optogenetic tools were used in vivo to activate dorsal raphe serotonin neurons and probe serotonergic neuromodulation effects on olfactory cortex activity.
Optogenetic tools are described as enabling selective activation, inhibition, or dissection of neuronal circuits. The review frames them as useful for understanding neuropsychiatric mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
Optogenetic tools use light-activated ion channels and pumps to manipulate neural activity with temporal precision in genetically defined circuit elements.
Optogenetic tools are light-sensitive proteins expressed in mammalian neurons to control excitability. The abstract states that they can either depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons and thereby generate or inhibit action potentials.
Optogenetic tools are described as enabling studies that test causal relationships between defined neuronal activity patterns and cortical oscillations. In this review context, they are used to examine gamma and theta rhythm mechanisms.
Optogenetic tools enable activation or silencing of neural activity using brief pulses of light. The review frames them as technologies for temporally precise control of targeted cells in intact neural circuits.
This review frames optogenetic tools as methods for precise optical control of activity in genetically specified neural populations. Their value is presented in combination with fast circuit imaging.
Resources required
They require expression of light-sensitive proteins in neurons and optical manipulation of neural activity.
These strategies require light-responsive biological systems or modules. The abstract does not specify exact hardware, cofactors, or delivery requirements.
These approaches require light-based control of engineered or light-responsive immune functions, although the abstract does not specify particular constructs or devices.
The abstract supports that these approaches require the ability to target specific neurons and apply optogenetic activation or inhibition. It also implies a need for experimental systems that can monitor epileptic activity.
The abstract indicates that these tools were used together with live cell fluorescence biosensing and electrophysiology. No specific optogenetic hardware or construct details are given in the provided text.
These approaches require light-sensitive proteins and light delivery suitable for spatial and temporal control.
The abstract explicitly indicates a need for gene-encoded protein expression and optical control. It does not specify particular photoreceptors, constructs, or hardware.
The title indicates genetically encoded tools, and the abstract describes photoactivatable systems. Specific chromophores, hardware, or delivery requirements are not given in the provided text.
The abstract supports that in vivo optogenetic experimentation was required, but it does not name the opsin, hardware, or delivery method.
The abstract indicates that these tools depend on light-activated ion channels and pumps adapted for neuroscience use.
These tools require expression of microbial light-sensitive proteins in mammalian neurons and optical stimulation. The abstract does not specify delivery vectors or illumination hardware.
The abstract only supports that these are optogenetic tools used in recent studies. It does not specify the particular opsins, delivery systems, light hardware, or recording assays required.
They require a transient pulse of energy as a trigger and a molecular sensitizer that can be expressed in specific neurons. For optogenetics, the trigger is light.
Use requires genetic specification of target neural populations and optical stimulation capability. The review also emphasizes the need for simultaneous fast readout technology.
What problem it solves
They solve the need for temporally precise functional manipulation of neural circuits in living animals.
They enable precise perturbation of signaling and cellular behavior to investigate cancer development, progression, and intervention points.
They address the need for spatiotemporal control over signalling and production-relevant processes that are not well handled by simple overexpression or knockout approaches.
These tools help researchers probe how specific astrocytic activity relates to memory with temporal restriction and cell-type specificity.
They address the need for precise regulation of immune cell activation in immunotherapy and immune cell therapy.
They solve the need to manipulate neuronal activity with direct optical control. This makes them useful for circuit perturbation studies.
They solve the problem of manipulating seizure-relevant circuits with high temporal precision while preserving cell-population specificity. This helps identify neuronal contributors to ictogenesis and hyperexcitability.
They help address the prior lack of methods to directly reveal mechanistic details of gasdermin pore regulation.
They help address how known signaling parts work together to decode inputs and produce cellular responses.
They enable dynamic and reversible perturbation of cellular functions with spatial and temporal specificity. This addresses the need to control cell responses in changing microenvironments.
They help causally interrogate major brain areas involved in transitions between sleep and wake states and in sleep rhythmogenesis.
They solve the need for precise external control over protein activity in cells. The review emphasizes speed, reversibility, and spatial precision as key advantages.
It allows rapid causal testing of how serotonergic input changes spontaneous versus odor-evoked cortical activity.
They help overcome serious limitations of conventional neuronal circuit study.
They address the need for perturbations that are both temporally precise and specific to defined neural elements, enabling causal circuit analysis.
They provide selective control over neuronal populations for studying brain processing and for potential intervention in excitability disorders such as epilepsy.
They help move from correlation to causal testing of how specific neuronal populations and rhythmic firing patterns contribute to cortical oscillations and communication.
They solve the problem of manipulating specific neurons with temporal precision inside densely wired circuits. This supports probing how defined neurons contribute to behavior and neural computation.
These tools solve the problem of controlling neuronal firing with cell-type specificity and high temporal precision.
What it does not solve
The abstract indicates that barriers to clinical application remain, but does not specify which barriers or how they are overcome.
The abstract does not claim that optogenetic tools solve all pathway-engineering constraints or provide universal performance across systems.
The abstract does not show that these tools are broadly mature clinically, and notes that many such technologies remain experimental.
The review indicates they do not bypass sex- or cycle-dependent differences in synaptic input and intrinsic excitability. As a result, the same manipulation may not produce identical outcomes across males, females, or ovarian states.
The abstract does not support that optogenetics has already solved clinical epilepsy treatment. It explicitly states that many approaches remain early-stage and face translational barriers.
The abstract does not show that optogenetic tools alone are sufficient, nor does it specify a standalone therapeutic or delivery solution.
The abstract does not describe specific limitations, failure modes, or which biological settings are poorly served. It also does not specify any one component family or delivery strategy.
The abstract does not state how these tools address issues beyond controlling protein activity, such as delivery, expression burden, or tissue light penetration.
The abstract does not show that the tool identifies the exact molecular or circuit mechanism underlying the observed inhibition.
The abstract states that optogenetics still has imperfections, especially around light delivery.
The abstract does not claim that optogenetic tools eliminate all experimental constraints, and it does not specify performance limits for particular constructs or preparations.
The abstract indicates that challenges and pitfalls remain in using optogenetics to control network excitability and related brain diseases, without detailing all failure modes.
The abstract does not support claims that optogenetic tools alone explain psychiatric disease mechanisms or identify a single therapeutic solution.
The abstract does not claim that optogenetic tools alone solve all delivery or targeting challenges beyond requiring expression of a sensitizer and energy delivery. It also does not specify performance tradeoffs among different optogenetic implementations.
The abstract indicates that control alone is insufficient without fast intact-circuit readout, so these tools do not by themselves provide circuit-level measurement.
Alternatives
The abstract contrasts optogenetic interrogation with pharmacologic interference as a downstream intervention opportunity rather than as the same tool class.
The abstract explicitly contrasts optogenetic tools with traditional gene overexpression, knockout strategies, and chemical induction throughout production processes.
Other light-based approaches mentioned in the abstract include photodynamic immunotherapy and photothermal therapy.
The review contrasts optogenetic tools with chemogenetic tools and calcium-imaging methods as other major neuroscience tool classes.
The abstract does not name specific alternative neuromodulation platforms. It contrasts mechanistic investigation and therapeutic exploration within optogenetics rather than comparing to other modalities.
The abstract contrasts the combined approach with the prior absence of direct methods, and also mentions live cell fluorescence biosensing and electrophysiology as complementary techniques.
No direct alternative tool classes are named in the abstract.
The provided abstract does not explicitly name alternative non-optogenetic control modalities.
No explicit alternative perturbation methods are mentioned in the abstract.
The abstract contrasts optogenetic tools with electrical stimulation and pharmacological control.
The abstract does not name non-optogenetic alternatives, though it contrasts depolarizing versus hyperpolarizing optogenetic classes.
The abstract contrasts optogenetic studies with prior hypotheses about oscillation roles, but it does not explicitly name alternative perturbation methods.
The review contrasts optogenetic tools with thermogenetic tools. Thermogenetic approaches use temperature changes rather than light as the trigger.
The abstract contrasts optogenetic tools with chemical genetic tools as another class for precise control.
Evidence Snippets
Here, we review advances employing photosensitive molecules and optogenetic tools that facilitate spatiotemporally controlled fusion of lipid and polymer vesicles.
The application of optogenetic tools to neurons in the brain facilitates the selective and reversible manipulation of neuronal activity with millisecond precision using light-sensitive proteins.
An increasing set of optogenetic tools enables tightly controlled regulation of ion flux across biological membranes, gene expression, gene editing, and protein-protein interactions
Discovering and designing optogenetic tools enable us to regulate enzymatic activity or gene expression at key nodes in a spatiotemporal manner
In this review, we will focus on recent papers that have used optogenetic and chemogenetic tools, which are time-restricted and cell-type specific, to investigate astrocytic involvement in memory.
Optogenetic tools have the potential to precisely control T-cell receptor activation, cytokine release, or the activity of other immune effector cells.
This review traces key milestones in the emergence of optogenetics and highlights the development of major optogenetic tools.
review two decades of optogenetics, from fundamental biology to early clinical translation
While gene therapy, optogenetic tools, photosensitive switches, and retinal prostheses offer hope for vision restoration, these high-cost therapies will benefit few patients.
Optical tools more directly alter depolarization or hyperpolarization of neurons, but biological sex and gonadal hormones modulate synaptic inputs and intrinsic excitability. We review studies demonstrating that optogenetic manipulations are sometimes consistent across the rodent estrous cycle but within certain circuits; manipulations can vary across the ovarian cycle.
The advent of optogenetic tools has had a profound impact on modern neuroscience research... Within the realm of epilepsy research, optogenetic tools have played a crucial role...
Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
the related mechanisms have been exploited in numerous optogenetic tools.
This fundamental question is increasingly being addressed with optogenetic tools: light-sensitive proteins that enable biologists to manipulate the interaction, localization, and activity state of proteins with high spatial and temporal precision.
The challenge to understand the complex neuronal circuit functions in the mammalian brain has brought about a revolution in light-based neurotechnologies and optogenetic tools.
structural studies of photoactive membrane proteins (rhodopsins, photoreceptors, etc.) for the development of new optogenetic tools
Optogenetics combines gene-encoded protein expression with optical controlling, and offers a novel, reversible, non-invasive and spatiotemporal-specific research tool to dynamically or reversibly regulate cell signaling pathways, subcellular localization and gene expression. This review summarizes the types of optogenetic components and the involved cellular signaling pathways.
Optogenetic tools have revolutionized insights into the fundamentals of brain function.
The optogenetic tools have been described as valuable techniques to study neural activity through light stimulation, as well as potential neuromodulator approaches in the management of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
Also, it is hoped that the use of optogenetic tools for brain stimulation reduces the side effects due to the cell type-specific action.
Supporting Sources
Linked Claims
Optogenetics is being used to interrogate hallmark traits of cancer at cellular, subcellular, and organismic levels.
Optogenetic tools and approaches in cancer research are applied to understanding signal transduction pathways, modulating immune functions in the tumor microenvironment, facilitating drug screening, and directly attacking cancer cells.
Optogenetic tools enable spatiotemporal regulation of enzymatic activity or gene expression at key signalling nodes.
Optogenetic tools enable tightly controlled regulation of ion flux across biological membranes, gene expression, gene editing, and protein-protein interactions.
Optogenetic tools facilitate selective and reversible manipulation of neuronal activity with millisecond precision using light-sensitive proteins.
Quoted textsource-backed
The application of optogenetic tools to neurons in the brain facilitates the selective and reversible manipulation of neuronal activity with millisecond precision using light-sensitive proteins.
The combined use of optogenetic tools and HiRet vectors allows cell type-specific manipulation of neuronal activity and animal behavior with high spatial and temporal precision.
Quoted textsource-backed
The combined approach of optogenetic tools and HiRet vectors allows the cell type-specific manipulation of neuronal activity and animal behavior with high spatial and temporal precision.
Traditional gene overexpression or knockout strategies constrain manipulation of key nodes in specific signalling pathways.
Photosensitive molecules and optogenetic tools facilitate spatiotemporally controlled fusion of lipid and polymer vesicles.
Optogenetics enables identification of critical signaling circuits required for cancer development and progression in vitro and in animal models and can flag potential intervention points for pharmacologic interference.
Optogenetics can improve the level of control in cell-based therapeutics.
Applications of optogenetic tools have broadened across neuroscience, cardiovascular biology, hematology, plant sciences, and other emerging fields.
Quoted textsource-backed
Their broadening applications are also explored across neuroscience, cardiovascular biology, hematology, plant sciences, and other emerging fields.
Optogenetic tools have the potential to precisely control T-cell receptor activation, cytokine release, and the activity of other immune effector cells.
Quoted textsource-backed
Optogenetic tools have the potential to precisely control T-cell receptor activation, cytokine release, or the activity of other immune effector cells.
Major optogenetic tools have been engineered and optimized for novel or enhanced functions, altered spectral properties, improved light sensitivity, and subcellular targeting.
Quoted textsource-backed
the focus is on how these tools have been engineered and optimized for novel or enhanced functions, altered spectral properties, improved light sensitivity, subcellular targeting, and beyond
Optogenetics has evolved over the past two decades into a powerful and versatile technology for controlling cellular processes with light.
Quoted textsource-backed
Over the past two decades, optogenetics has evolved from a conceptual framework into a powerful and versatile technology for controlling cellular processes with light.
The source positions optogenetics as a transformative platform for basic research and therapeutic advancement while noting ongoing challenges and future directions in tool development and in vivo applications.
Quoted textsource-backed
Finally, ongoing challenges are addressed and outline future directions in optogenetic tool development and in vivo applications, positioning optogenetics as a transformative platform for basic research and therapeutic advancement.
Precise regulation of immune cell activation via optogenetics and improved targeting of cancer cells through photoimmunotherapy represent a transformative shift in immune modulation strategies.
Quoted textsource-backed
The ability to precisely regulate immune cell activation via optogenetics, alongside the improved targeting of cancer cells through photoimmunotherapy, signifies a transformative shift in our strategies for immune modulation.
Genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins enable precise spatiotemporal control of ion flux, intracellular signaling, gene expression, and protein interactions.
Quoted textsource-backed
the field has advanced through the development of genetically encoded, light-sensitive proteins that enable precise spatiotemporal control of ion flux, intracellular signaling, gene expression, and protein interactions
Optogenetic and chemogenetic tools are described as time-restricted and cell-type specific in the context of investigating astrocytic involvement in memory.
Quoted textsource-backed
optogenetic and chemogenetic tools, which are time-restricted and cell-type specific
The review focuses on recent papers using optogenetic and chemogenetic tools to investigate astrocytic involvement in memory.
Quoted textsource-backed
In this review, we will focus on recent papers that have used optogenetic and chemogenetic tools, which are time-restricted and cell-type specific, to investigate astrocytic involvement in memory.
The article reviews two decades of optogenetics from fundamental biology to early clinical translation.
Quoted textsource-backed
review two decades of optogenetics, from fundamental biology to early clinical translation
The source describes optogenetic control modalities including light-gated ion channels, photoswitchable enzymes and receptors, light-controlled protein interactions, and light-regulated gene expression.
Quoted textsource-backed
light-gated ion channels shape ion flux; photoswitchable enzymes and receptors modulate signaling pathways; light-controlled protein interactions tune function; and light-regulated gene expression
Gene therapy, optogenetic tools, photosensitive switches, and retinal prostheses are described as high-cost vision restoration therapies that will benefit few patients.
In epilepsy research, optogenetic tools have been used to investigate how different neuronal populations contribute to seizure generation and hyperexcitability.
Quoted textsource-backed
Within the realm of epilepsy research, optogenetic tools have played a crucial role in investigating the contributions of different neuronal populations to the generation of seizures and hyperexcitability.
Optogenetic tools enable precise manipulation of specific neuronal populations with millisecond-scale temporal precision.
Quoted textsource-backed
These tools offer a remarkable ability to precisely manipulate specific groups of neurons with an unprecedented level of temporal precision, on the order of milliseconds.
Optogenetic epilepsy studies have implicated distinct interneuron populations in seizure initiation and remote circuits in cerebellum, septum, or raphe nuclei in interactions with hyperexcitable hippocampal networks.
Quoted textsource-backed
For instance, researchers have discovered how distinct interneuron populations contribute to the initiation of seizures (ictogenesis). They have also revealed how remote circuits in regions such as the cerebellum, septum, or raphe nuclei can interact with hyperexcitable networks in the hippocampus.
Optogenetic manipulations can be consistent across the rodent estrous cycle in some circuits but can vary across the ovarian cycle in others.
Quoted textsource-backed
We review studies demonstrating that optogenetic manipulations are sometimes consistent across the rodent estrous cycle but within certain circuits; manipulations can vary across the ovarian cycle.
Selective optogenetic activation or inhibition of neurons has helped elucidate mechanisms and identify key players involved in epileptic activity.
Quoted textsource-backed
By selectively activating or inhibiting specific neurons using optogenetics, researchers have been able to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and identify key players involved in epileptic activity.
Optogenetic, chemogenetic, and calcium-imaging neuroscience tools may work differently in males and females.
Quoted textsource-backed
Together, our findings suggest that these neuroscientific tools may sometimes work differently in males and females and that users should be aware of these differences when applying these methods.
Biological sex and gonadal hormones modulate synaptic inputs and intrinsic excitability, which can alter outcomes of optogenetic manipulations.
Quoted textsource-backed
Optical tools more directly alter depolarization or hyperpolarization of neurons, but biological sex and gonadal hormones modulate synaptic inputs and intrinsic excitability.
Optogenetic techniques have been explored as therapeutic strategies to halt seizure progression and alleviate symptoms in epilepsy.
Quoted textsource-backed
Moreover, optogenetic techniques have also been explored as innovative therapeutic strategies for treating epilepsy. These strategies aim to halt seizure progression and alleviate symptoms by utilizing the precise control offered by optogenetics.
The transition from experimental optogenetic epilepsy research to practical clinical use poses numerous challenges.
Quoted textsource-backed
The transition from experimental research to practical clinical use poses numerous challenges.
Despite promise, many optogenetic epilepsy approaches remain early-stage and have not yet reached potential clinical application.
Quoted textsource-backed
Despite the immense promise demonstrated by optogenetic approaches, it is important to acknowledge that many of these techniques are still in the early stages of development and have yet to reach potential clinical applications.
Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Quoted textsource-backed
The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Quoted textsource-backed
Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Gasdermin D forms large pores in the plasma membrane with an approximately 21 nm diameter.
Quoted textsource-backed
Gasdermin D forms large, ~21 nm diameter pores in the plasma membrane to drive the cell death program pyroptosis.
Optogenetics is being used to address how signaling components work together to decode signals and produce appropriate responses.
Quoted textsource-backed
This fundamental question is increasingly being addressed with optogenetic tools
Mechanistic understanding of flavoprotein photoreceptor signaling has been exploited in numerous optogenetic tools.
Quoted textsource-backed
Accordingly, signaling activities of photoreceptors have been intensively studied and the related mechanisms have been exploited in numerous optogenetic tools.
Optogenetic tools enable manipulation of protein interaction, localization, and activity state with high spatial and temporal precision.
Quoted textsource-backed
optogenetic tools: light-sensitive proteins that enable biologists to manipulate the interaction, localization, and activity state of proteins with high spatial and temporal precision
Recent technological advances have enabled analysis of signal processing within dendritic arborizations of single neurons and within neuronal circuits.
More complex brain functions remain unattainable with current technologies despite progress in probing basic functions such as sensory perception, memory, and navigation.
The review assesses spatio-temporal parameters of neuronal responses and matches them to suitable light-based neurotechnologies, photochemical tools, and optogenetic tools.
This review summarizes current understanding of photoactivation mechanisms of flavoprotein photoreceptors and reviews their applications.
Quoted textsource-backed
Herein, we summarize the current understanding of photoactivation mechanisms of the flavoprotein photoreceptors and review their applications.
Understanding brain circuit dynamics requires appreciation of the spatial and temporal properties of neuronal activity.
Structural studies of photoactive membrane proteins are relevant to development of new optogenetic tools.
This review summarizes types of optogenetic components, the involved cellular signaling pathways, and applications and future prospects of light-controlled cell signaling pathways.
Optogenetics is described as a reversible, non-invasive, spatiotemporally specific research approach for dynamic or reversible regulation of cell signaling pathways, subcellular localization, and gene expression.
Optogenetic tools for brain stimulation are expected to reduce side effects because of cell type-specific action.
Optogenetic tools have been particularly important for current understanding of sleep-wake regulation and sleep rhythms.
Quoted textsource-backed
This is particularly true for our current understanding of sleep-wake regulation and sleep rhythms.
Questions remain about the real results and potential clinical applicability of optogenetic technology in central nervous system diseases, and systematic analyses are scarce.
Quoted textsource-backed
a question still remains regarding real results and potential clinical applicability in CNS diseases, as well as the publications scarcity that systematically analyses the published results
Advances in engineering techniques expanded optogenetic involvement beyond channel proteins to proteins involved in cytoskeleton regulation, motility, and gene expression.
Quoted textsource-backed
the advances in engineering techniques showed involvement changes in cellular biological behavior in several types of proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton regulation, motility and gene expression
Optogenetic tools have revolutionized insights into the fundamentals of brain function.
Quoted textsource-backed
Optogenetic tools have revolutionized insights into the fundamentals of brain function.
The development of optogenetics has advanced the study of epileptogenesis mechanisms and the antiepileptic effect of low-frequency stimulation.
Optogenetic tools are described as potential neuromodulator approaches for management of several central nervous system diseases.
Quoted textsource-backed
as well as potential neuromodulator approaches in the management of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases
The review covers optogenetic study of the generation and suppression of epileptic activity in epilepsy models in vitro and in vivo, and discusses prospects for clinical use.
Optogenetic tools are described as valuable techniques for studying neural activity through light stimulation.
Quoted textsource-backed
The optogenetic tools have been described as valuable techniques to study neural activity through light stimulation
Application of recent optogenetic tools has enabled direct evidence for contributions of synaptic potentiation to formation and consolidation of cell ensembles in a learning-task-specific manner.
Quoted textsource-backed
With the application of the latest optogenetic tools, it has been possible to collect direct evidence of the contributions of synaptic potentiation in the formation and consolidation of cell ensemble in a learning task specific manner.
The review discusses general strategies for designing and optimizing optogenetic tools, with specific focus on applications regulating protein catalytic activity.
Optogenetic tools provide fast and reversible control of protein activity with subcellular spatial precision.
Using optogenetic tools in vivo, serotonergic neuromodulation prominently inhibits spontaneous electrical activity of neurons in the primary olfactory cortex.
External light delivery systems are described as a limitation of optogenetic approaches.
Serotonergic modulation rapidly changes the balance between different sources of neural activity in sensory systems.
Optogenetic tools enable selective activation, inhibition, and dissection of neuronal circuits and are presented as useful for understanding neuropsychiatric mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
Using optogenetic tools in vivo, serotonergic neuromodulation leaves sensory responses in the primary olfactory cortex unaffected.
Optogenetic tools are used in acute slice preparations and in anesthetized or awake behaving animals.
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in acute slice preparation and anesthetized or awake, behaving animals
A recent report using KENGE-tet found that selective optogenetic stimulation of glia can lead to glutamate release, synaptic plasticity, and accelerated cerebellar-modulated motor learning.
Quoted textsource-backed
A recent report that used the KENGE-tet has shown that the selective optogenetic stimulation of glia can lead to the release of glutamate as a gliotransmitter, synaptic plasticity, and the acceleration of cerebellar-modulated motor learning.
Optogenetic tools allow collection of causal rather than correlative data about the function of neural elements.
Quoted textsource-backed
allows collection of causal, rather than correlative, data in describing the function of neural elements
Optogenetic tools enable temporally precise manipulation of genetically defined circuit elements in neuroscience.
Quoted textsource-backed
The adaptation of light-activated ion channels and pumps to neuroscience has enabled temporally precise manipulation of genetically defined circuit elements
Electrical stimulation provides precise temporal control but modulates neurons based on location rather than identity, whereas pharmacological control offers specificity based on properties but lacks precise temporal control and has limited spatial control.
Quoted textsource-backed
Electrical stimulation, while providing precise temporal control, modulates neurons based only on location, regardless of identity. Conversely, pharmacological control manipulates the activity of neurons based on specific properties, but in the absence of precise temporal control and with limited spatial control.
Currently available optogenetic tools are described for control of depolarization, hyperpolarization, and biochemical signaling cascades.
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currently available tools for control of depolarization, hyperpolarization, and biochemical signaling cascades
These findings suggest that glia participate in brain information processing.
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These findings have suggested that glia also participate in brain information processing, a function once thought to be solely mediated by neuronal activity.
Optogenetics may be considered for developing treatment strategies for brain diseases, particularly excitability disorders such as epilepsy.
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Moreover, optogenetics may be considered for developing potential treatment strategies for brain diseases, particularly for excitability disorders such as epilepsy.
Optogenetic tools can be expressed in mammalian neurons and effectively control neuronal excitability.
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Optogenetic tools comprise a variety of different light-sensitive proteins from single-cell organisms that can be expressed in mammalian neurons and effectively control their excitability.
Using optogenetics to control network excitability and associated brain diseases involves challenges and pitfalls.
Quoted textsource-backed
We also point out some of the challenges and pitfalls in relation to possible outcomes of using optogenetics for controlling network excitability, and associated brain diseases.
Two main classes of optogenetic tools allow either depolarization or hyperpolarization and can respectively generate or inhibit action potentials in selective neuronal populations.
Quoted textsource-backed
Two main classes of optogenetic tools allow to either depolarize or hyperpolarize, and respectively generate or inhibit action potentials in selective populations of neurons.
The review describes optogenetic studies supporting a central role for parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons in gamma oscillations.
The review describes optogenetic studies supporting that gamma oscillations can entrain rhythmic firing in pyramidal neurons.
The review describes optogenetic studies supporting that rhythmic firing at theta and gamma frequencies can enhance communication between neurons.
Technologies for temporally precise control of specific neurons in intact circuits require two components: a transient energy trigger and a molecular sensitizer expressed in specific neurons.
Quoted textsource-backed
Technologies that enable temporally precise control of electrical activity of specific neurons... must involve two components. First, they require as a trigger a transient pulse of energy that supports the temporal precision of the control. Second, they require a molecular sensitizer that can be expressed in specific neurons and which renders those neurons specifically responsive to the triggering energy delivered.
Optogenetic and chemical genetic tools have been developed to precisely control the activity of genetically specified neural populations.