optogenetics

Light enables spatial and temporal manipulation that allows probing microbial cellular characteristics with high precision.

Optogenetic approaches have enabled high-resolution single-cell analysis of microbial properties including relative cell positioning, subcellular localization, morphology, and gene expression dynamics.

Optogenetics enables intricate modulation of targeted neurons within the nervous system.

Optogenetics enables precise control of neural activity through light-sensitive opsins.

Achieving high spatiotemporal resolution in optogenetic neuromodulation remains a significant challenge, particularly in free-behaving animals.

Optogenetics uses genetic engineering to achieve precise neuronal activation.

Multi-omics, live imaging, optogenetics, and targeted therapeutics are emerging methodologies for studying and intervening in specialized autophagy networks in the CNS.

Advancements in photoacoustic and related optical or acoustic neuromodulation technologies may enhance nerve function remodeling and improve outcomes in spinal cord injury.

Optogenetics, chemogenetics, and CRISPR-based gene editing are enhancing the precision of epilepsy therapies and enabling greater control over neuronal activity.

The review states that optogenetic modulation can enhance motor axon regeneration, achieve complete sensory reinnervation, accelerate recovery of neuromuscular function, induce coordinated motor neuron activity, and promote neural reorganization.

The review investigates neural circuit mechanisms in epilepsy using evidence from electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, optogenetics, chemogenetics, deep brain stimulation, and brain-computer interfaces.

Optogenetics is presented as a modality for investigating and targeting hallmark traits of cancer.

Optogenetic stimulation of neurons and glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and Schwann cells, is described as having therapeutic effects in neurological diseases and as relevant to neural tissue regeneration.

Innovations in precise optogenetic neuromodulation are positioned to accelerate clinical translation for treatment of neurological disorders.

Optogenetic strategies can be used to remodel the tumor microenvironment by selectively activating immune responses or inducing targeted immune cell depletion, thereby enhancing T cell infiltration and immune surveillance.

Optogenetic and thermogenetic activation methods are described as extending beyond neurobiology into cardiovascular research, potential cancer therapy, and metabolic control.

Optogenetic and thermogenetic activation methods are used beyond neurobiology, including in cardiovascular research, potential cancer therapy, and metabolic control.

The review considers applications of optogenetic and thermogenetic molecular tools for activation of non-neuronal tissues and mammalian cells.

The review describes optogenetic applications for blood glucose management in diabetes through controllable drug release.

The review describes optogenetic applications for precise immune response modulation in cancer immunotherapy.

The review describes optogenetic applications in vision restoration for retinitis pigmentosa using light-activated ion channels.

The review states that optogenetics plays a critical role in bioelectronic medicine by enabling communication between electronic systems and biological tissues to enhance therapeutic precision.

Neuromodulation techniques have shown significant advancements in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Optogenetics offers a potential way to address key limitations of cellular immunotherapy by enabling precise control of T cell functions.

The combination of multiphoton microscopy and optogenetics allows interaction with neuronal circuits at single-cell resolution in living brain tissues.

The review categorizes neuromodulation techniques into genetic methods and non-genetic methods.

Integrating optogenetics with checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell therapies could improve treatment specificity, reduce adverse effects, and enable real-time control of immune responses.

Compared with optogenetics, sonogenetics overcomes limits of tissue penetration and invasiveness.

The development of optogenetics has been enabled by the combined use of genetic engineering, optics, and electrophysiology.

Although current visual neurorestoration methods have shown promise individually, improvements in vision have been modest at best.

Fully harnessing the therapeutic potential of neuromodulation requires integration and innovation in technologies, optimization of delivery methods, improvement of mediums, and evaluation of toxicity.

Because the retina lacks regenerative potential, reviewed restoration strategies include stem-cell-based cellular replacement, genetic engineering to restore lost gene function, and optogenetics to impart new light sensation.

Molecular tools for optogenetics and thermogenetics are being continuously optimized, studied, and modified, expanding their applications and biomedical uses.

The molecular tools for cellular control in optogenetics and thermogenetics are continuously being optimized, studied, and modified, with expanding applications and biomedical uses.

Achieving functional vision restoration will require further development of cellular therapies, genetic engineering, transplantation, and neuromodulation in a multidisciplinary effort.

Clinical translation of optogenetic immunomodulation is limited by poor visible-light tissue penetration and the need for cell- or tissue-specific gene delivery.

Optogenetics can modulate T cell receptor signaling, ion channels, transcriptional programming, and antigen recognition to control T cell activation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic responses.

Dynamic firing-rate changes in basal ganglia output neurons functionally release and suppress movement through downstream brainstem targets.

Optical transparency during zebrafish development allows the use of optogenetics and calcium imaging to elucidate mechanisms underlying GI-related symptoms associated with ASD.

The paper discusses optogenetic tools, delivery methods, challenges, future directions, preclinical AMD models, and clinical translation potential for AMD-related vision loss.

Optogenetics enables precise control over molecular and cellular processes and is positioned as a precision-guided medicine approach.

Optogenetics and chemogenetics emerged about 20 years ago and have evolved rapidly.

Current visual neurorestoration efforts target multiple points along the visual pathway from retina to diencephalon to cortex.

The review highlights optogenetics, chemogenetics, 3D culture models, gene editing, single-cell sequencing, and 3D imaging as cutting-edge technologies driving progress in neural regeneration.

The convergence of multidisciplinary approaches in neural regeneration is presented as having potential to enable more precise, efficient, and personalized therapeutic strategies and improve functional recovery.

Optogenetics has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for restoring vision in retinal degenerative diseases.

The review discusses challenges in transitioning optogenetics from experimental models to clinical therapies.

Optogenetics has the advantages of precise spatiotemporal control, noninvasiveness, and high efficiency.

Optogenetics has potential to advance understanding of and potentially alter the course of neurodegenerative diseases.

Optogenetic techniques can provide new insights into oral biological processes at levels ranging from subcellular and cellular systems to neural circuits and behavioral models.

The review states that optogenetic techniques can provide insights into oral biological processes from subcellular and cellular levels to neural circuits and behavioral models.

The optogenetic approach is expected to provide powerful tools for studying molecular mechanisms of physiological phenomena and for next-generation treatments beyond the capacity of traditional drugs.

Optogenetics combines optics and genetic engineering to control specific gene expression and biological functions.

Optogenetics and calcium sensors enable perturbation and readout of spiking activity within genetically defined cell types but do not by themselves disentangle the roles of individual neuromodulators and neuropeptides on circuits and behavior.

Optogenetics offers high spatial targeting precision and temporal resolution for cellular control.

Optogenetic technology allows high-fidelity control of neuronal activity and has been applied to investigate neural circuits underlying sensory processing and behavior.

Photosensitive pharmaceuticals, chemogenetics, and optogenetics enable spatiotemporal manipulation of structures, dynamics, post-translational modifications, and actin-filament cross-linking in target microtubule subtypes.

Optogenetics provides bidirectional regulation, high spatiotemporal resolution, and cell-specific regulation that expand BCI application scenarios.

Sonogenetic capabilities are stated to circumvent physical limitations of optogenetics and magnetogenetics for in vivo control.

Optogenetics incorporates light-sensitive protein domains into cells or tissues to optically tune specific biological processes.

Vector choice and engineering methods are important considerations in optogenetics and targeted gene therapies for inherited retinal diseases.

Integration of optogenetics into neurodegenerative disease research has significantly advanced the field and opened innovative treatment strategies.

Optogenetics enables selective manipulation of specific neuronal populations and modulation of neuronal activity that can impact complex neural circuitry.

How different microtubule subtypes regulate cellular architectures and activities remains largely unexplored.

Engineering and cell or tissue delivery capabilities are limiting challenges for prompt clinical introduction of optogenetics and targeted gene therapy.

Large animal experiments and clinical studies of optogenetic tools in dental research are limited.

Optogenetics and calcium sensors lack the ability to disentangle the roles of individual neuromodulators and neuropeptides on circuits and behavior.

Optogenetic approaches are limited in therapeutic applications by their requirement for genetic modification.

The review states that large-animal experiments and clinical studies remain limited for optogenetic tools in dental research.

Using structured light in combination with optical tweezers and optical scissors enables measurements of forces, torques, positions, viscoelastic properties, and optogenetics-related phenomena inside and outside a cell.

Genetically modified photosensory sensors are engineered into proteins to modulate conformational changes with light stimulation.

Optogenetics for retinal disease aims to bypass defective photoreceptors by introducing light-sensing opsins.

Optogenetic control in this review is based on genetically modified photosensory sensors engineered into proteins to modulate conformational changes with light stimulation.

Optogenetics has shown synergic and antagonistic effects in preclinical studies of trigeminal neuralgia and maxillofacial cellulitis.

The review summarizes synergic and antagonistic effects of optogenetics in preclinical studies of trigeminal neuralgia and maxillofacial cellulitis.

The molecular toolbox reviewed holds promise for elucidating the impact of cell therapy on neural circuitry and guiding development of more effective treatments for neurological disorders.

This review summarizes the design rationale and applications of emerging approaches for manipulating microtubule dynamics and post-translational modifications in cellular contexts.

Optogenetic manipulation of immunological functions is rapidly becoming an investigative tool in immunology and is being used to optimize cellular therapeutic modalities and adoptive T-cell therapies.

Optogenetics is described as providing precise spatiotemporal, noninvasive, and efficient control of specific gene expression and biological functions.

The paper reviews light-based mechanobiology and optical detection of signal transduction spanning optical tweezers, optical scissors, advanced fluorescence techniques, and optogenetics.

The review focuses on how optogenetic approaches are being used to improve adoptive T-cell therapy in clinical settings by deepening understanding of the molecular rationale behind therapy success.

Optogenetics and targeted gene therapies are presented as having clinical potential for inherited retinal diseases and personalized medicine.

Optogenetics and chemogenetics can be used to precisely manipulate neuronal activity to pinpoint the functional contribution of transplanted cells.

Optogenetic tools have been used to control the neurogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in translational studies.

The review states that optogenetic tools have been used to control neurogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in translational studies.

Clinical application of optogenetics in neurodegenerative disease is still nascent but appears promising.

Activating neurons with microbial rhodopsin-based optogenetics can probe what functions those neurons can initiate or sustain, while silencing can probe what functions they are necessary for.

The application of artificial intelligence and optogenetics has significantly advanced understanding of neural circuits and their implications in normal behavior and pathological states.

Optogenetics enables light-based regulation of cellular activities within live tissues with high precision for modulating neuronal activity.

Clinical trials have shown the principal possibility of optogenetic prosthetics of blind retina and partial restoration of visual functions.

Optogenetics is a method that allows cells of an organism to acquire light sensitivity.

The combined use of artificial intelligence and optogenetics is presented as a new era for brain research.

Optogenetic systems can deliver optical stimulation precisely to tissue to regulate cellular electrical activity with high spatiotemporal resolution in living organisms.

In vivo studies reviewed in this paper indicate that acute astrocyte manipulation with optogenetics or chemogenetics demonstrates a causal role for astrocytes in multiple behaviors and cognitive processes.

Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetically heterogeneous retinopathy caused by photoreceptor cell death and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy that eventually results in blindness.

Optogenetics and chemogenetics are described as advancing brain research by enabling exploration of causal relationships among brain regions.

Current biomaterial-based tissue regeneration trends in oral disease mitigation and prevention include polymer modifications, cell-based treatments, antimicrobial peptides, and optogenetics.

Gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and optogenetics are advancing toward precise diagnosis and clinical applications in RP.

Multiple photoreceptor cell death types and pathological phenotypic changes in RP motivate deeper study of pathogenic mechanisms and may contribute to heterogeneous patient responses to mainstream drug treatment.

This review covers optogenetic approaches applied to biotechnology and biomaterials, including smart biomaterials, engineered living materials, and plant or microbial systems.

The review states that development of various optical actuators and novel light-delivery techniques has expanded optogenetics beyond neural circuit control to regulation of other signaling pathways in non-neuronal cells for biomedical applications including phototherapy and immunotherapy.

Combining conventional therapy with state-of-the-art medication is presented as promising for transforming RP treatment strategies.

Light offers high spatiotemporal resolution for precise control of biological activities.

Optogenetics enables cellular control with high temporal and spatial resolution because light can be rapidly switched and confined to the sub-micrometer scale.

Minimally invasive methods for brain tissue stimulation are becoming a basic element in the neuroscience toolbox for direct investigation of complex neuronal systems.

Optogenetics uses photosensitive proteins to manipulate molecular localization and interactions in living cells.

Optogenetics, chemogenetics, and thermogenetics are presented as complementary rather than competing techniques.

Optogenetic retinal therapies require appropriate vectors for delivery and expression in suitable cell types while avoiding immunological rejection of vector systems.

Targeted manipulation of electrically excitable cells aims to control electrical activity to either excite cells and generate action potentials or inhibit cells and suppress excitatory currents.

Rhodopsin-based optogenetic tools have high potential for basic and clinical research in pharmaceutical sciences.

This review describes genetically encoded approaches for targeted control of nerve cell electrical activity, focusing in Part II on chemogenetics and thermogenetics.

This review focuses on cocaine-induced adaptations in the nucleus accumbens that are specific to projections and cell types, especially across afferent inputs, outputs, subregions, and D1/D2 medium spiny neuron subclasses.

In C. elegans, optogenetics increases experimental accessibility to neural activity and various cellular processes, accelerating studies of neural circuits and multicellular systems.

The review compiles current optogenetic systems with emphasis on spatiotemporal accuracy and summarizes advances in live cells, animal models, and translational efforts.

The expanding number of optogenetic tools can make selection difficult, and comparative analysis is useful because tools have distinct modes of action.

Retinal neuroprotection is expected to improve the success of gene-, cell-, and optogenetic therapies by maintaining a healthier retinal environment.

The review discusses technical issues raised specifically for optogenetics in C. elegans.

Microbial rhodopsins are widely used as fundamental molecular tools for optogenetics.

These optogenetic studies provide the ability to grow structured biofilms with applications to understanding natural biofilm communities, engineering living biomaterials, and bottom-up microbial consortia design.

Optogenetics is presented as a promising source of high-throughput data for cardiotoxicity screening in drug development.

Optogenetics is reviewed as useful for deciphering dynamic roles of signaling moieties in cell signaling.

Optogenetics enables precise control and monitoring of biological functions with high temporal and spatial resolution using optical systems and genetic engineering.

Two ongoing clinical trials use optogenetic tools for vision restoration.

Two ongoing clinical trials use optogenetic tools for vision restoration.

The special issue comprises two reviews and seven experimental papers on different types of light-sensitive modules used in optogenetic studies.

The review highlights a trend toward combining microfluidic chips with optogenetics, brain organoids, and 3D bioprinting for better multiscale brain research.

In optogenetics, light can be applied more precisely in concentration, time, and space than traditional chemical effectors.

Optogenetics is the use of genetically encoded light-sensitive molecular elements to control or report physiological and biochemical processes within cells.

Optogenetics uses genetically encoded light-sensitive molecular elements to control or report physiological and biochemical processes within cells.

Development of optogenetics in bacteriology is limited by the need for engineered light-sensitive proteins for specific regulation networks and by the need for new methods to manipulate living bacterial cells at the single-cell level.

Engineered light-responsive transcriptional regulation systems enable low-perturbation, high spatiotemporal resolution control of bacterial behaviors.

Optogenetics allows targeted, fast control of precisely defined events in biological systems by expressing exogenous genes coding for light-sensitive proteins.

Optogenetics enables characterization of bacterial gene circuit dynamics with optically programmed gene expression signals.

The papers in the special issue demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of optogenetics.

The papers in this special issue demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of optogenetics.

Touchscreen tasks are readily combined with optogenetics, chemogenetics, neurophysiology, and calcium imaging using miniscopes.

Optogenetic strategies have been suggested as novel therapies for neurological, psychiatric, and cardiac disorders.

Optogenetic strategies have been suggested as novel therapies for neurological, psychiatric, and cardiac disorders.

The review discusses novel optogenetic technologies as having potential for current scientific study and possible therapeutic use.

Encouraging results have been obtained by applying optogenetics in human neuronal cells in vitro.

Optogenetics has been applied in vivo to study neuronal circuits in physiological or pathological conditions at cortical and subcortical levels.

Optogenetics has been used to investigate physiological neuronal circuit function as well as dysfunctional or pathological conditions.

Optogenetics allows study of neuronal network functionality across multiple scales in living organisms.

The review argues for overlap between optogenetic approaches and hPSC-derived brain organoid models to combine behavioral study with circuit-specific signal analysis.

This review concerns the use of optogenetics in hearing research.

Optogenetics has increased in popularity as a neuroscience tool for studying behavior and relating behavioral outputs to neuronal circuits.

Combining optogenetic manipulation of defined neuronal subpopulations with behavioral paradigms and neurophysiological readouts allows assignment of specific roles to identified cells.

Optogenetics enables mammalian neurobiological research with spatiotemporal precision that the review describes as unmatched by other techniques.

The review emphasizes optogenetics primarily as a tool set for basic research rather than established clinical application.

This review covers optical control strategies for neuronal ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors across both optogenetics and optopharmacology/photopharmacology.

Optogenetics is emerging as a technique for developing rehabilitative and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases in pre-clinical models.

Optogenetics uses genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins such as opsins to enable control of neuronal activity, intracellular signaling pathways, or gene expression.

Acute and reversible silencing experiments support that dorsal CA2 activity is critical for encoding, consolidation, and recall phases of social memory.

Optogenetics, magnetogenetics, and sonogenetics are emerging techniques considered exciting future possibilities for Parkinson's disease treatment.

Drosophila is presented as a premier model organism for studying how neural circuit activity patterns coordinate behavior because of its genetic tools and tractable brain complexity.

The source is a guide to optogenetic applications with special focus on behavioral and in vivo electrophysiological experiments.

The review covers reagents for using light to map and manipulate neuronal activity in Drosophila.

The review argues that the specificity, versatility, and continual development of optogenetic-related tools advance understanding of neuronal circuits and neurological disorders, using epilepsy research as a focal point.

Selective expression of exogenous light-sensitive proteins enables spatial, directional, temporal, and cell-type specificity in optogenetic modulation.

Whole brain imaging, optogenetics, sonogenetics, and mutant analysis have allowed interrogation of local and global neural circuits leading to different behaviors in C. elegans.

Although primarily developed in central nervous system research, optogenetic and chemogenetic methods hold strong promise for neurogastroenterology.

Optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques hold promise for advancing research in neurogastroenterology.

Optogenetic tools are well suited to treat retinas with photoreceptor degeneration independently of the underlying mutation.

Engineered rhodopsins can be used to improve understanding of biological function and to develop protein-based tools relevant to optogenetics.

Optogenetic and chemogenetic applications use genetically encoded actuators and indicators to modulate and monitor activity with high cellular specificity.

Optogenetics involves genetic modification of cells to express light-sensitive proteins that mediate ion flow or secondary signaling cascades upon light exposure.

Progress in strategies for targeting transgene expression to specific cell types is an important enabler for optogenetic and chemogenetic applications.

Successful implementation of optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques depends on advances in live imaging microscopy and optical technology.

Successful implementation of optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques depends on advances in live imaging microscopy and optical technology.

Development of genetically encoded optogenetic and chemogenetic tools has contributed substantially to understanding integrated physiology over the past 10 years.

Development of genetically encoded optogenetic and chemogenetic tools has contributed substantially to understanding integrated physiology over the past decade.

Optogenetics and chemogenetics use genetically encoded actuators and indicators to modulate and monitor activity with high cellular specificity.

Conventional optogenetic tools do not typically address the activity of receptors and channels native to neurons or provide access to their signaling mechanisms.

The review covers available tool classes, strategies to target them to specific cell types in the gut wall, and the possibilities and limitations of optogenetic and chemogenetic technology in the gut with emphasis on the enteric nervous system.

The review discusses possibilities, limitations, and current use of optogenetic and chemogenetic technology in the gut, with a focus on the enteric nervous system.

The precise control provided by optogenetic activation enables systematic study of the input-output properties of engrafted neurons.

Optogenetics allows control of protein activity with light.

Developmentally patterned potassium flux is required for correct resting-potential regionalization and establishment of early gene expression domains in the anterior ectoderm.

Optogenetics and gene reprogramming are methodological advances that allow manipulation of different conditions and can guide discovery of new signaling pathways and interactions in adult neurogenesis research.

This review covers optogenetic and optical tool categories including fluorescent reporters, calcium indicators, all-optical electrophysiology, intracellular optogenetic control, and photoactivatable genome editing.

Perturbing ectodermal membrane voltage causes craniofacial anomalies only during early neurula stages, whereas late neurulation perturbation does not affect craniofacial development.

Optogenetics can be used to dissect critical players and target them for responsive treatments in epilepsy research.

Advances in optogenetics and microscopy enable recording and manipulation of activity from specific cell populations with better contrast and resolution, at higher speeds, and deeper into live tissues.

Optogenetics allows precise spatiotemporal control of defined cells and circuits.

Acute enhancement of ventral hippocampus to nucleus accumbens input is pro-susceptible.

Attenuation of ventral hippocampus to nucleus accumbens transmission by optogenetic induction of long-term depression is pro-resilient.

The DRN contains neurons with serotonin, glutamate, GABA, and dopamine neurotransmitter phenotypes.

The review uses a dimensional psychiatric framework, described in the supplied summary as RDoC-like, to connect neural pathways with behavioral constructs in mental illness.

Activation of DRN serotonin neurons enhances reward waiting.

Pharmacological studies indicate that serotonin may modulate reward-related or punishment-related behaviors.

Recent optogenetic stimulation studies indicate that transient activation of DRN neurons produces strong reinforcement signals primarily mediated by glutamate.

There are hurdles to overcome before applying novel optical tools in neurogastroenterology and motility.

Optogenetics combines genetic engineering with optics to stimulate or inhibit genetically targeted groups of cells with light.

Optogenetics is described as the most recent development in neuromodulation tools.

Additional work is needed to dissect the roles and mechanisms of different DRN neuron types in reward-related behaviors.

The review presents optogenetics as a way to hone mouse models of mental illness through circuit-level causal interrogation.

The dorsal raphe nucleus is a highly reward-sensitive brain site, but the relationship between DRN neuronal activity and reward signaling remains incompletely resolved.

The source covers optogenetic manipulation and probing.

The pro-susceptibility effect is specific to ventral hippocampal afferents to the nucleus accumbens because optogenetic stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex or amygdala afferents to the nucleus accumbens is pro-resilient.

The review context highlights optogenetic and chemogenetic tools as major approaches for manipulating genetically defined amygdala populations in fear-circuit studies.

Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex suppresses aggressive bursts and reduces aggression intensity but does not change aggressive burst duration.

Optogenetically increasing excitatory vmPFC input to the DRN during sensory exposure to aggressor cues enhances avoidance bias, whereas decreasing that input diminishes avoidance bias.

Optogenetics uses targeted illumination to control the functions of cells expressing exogenous light-activated proteins.

Optogenetic activation of excitatory neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex inhibits inter-male aggression in mice.

Optogenetic silencing of medial prefrontal cortex neurons escalates aggressive behavior quantitatively and qualitatively.

Medial prefrontal cortex activity inhibits the initiation and execution, but not the termination, of aggressive behavior and helps maintain aggression within an adaptive range.

Optogenetic activation of the orbitofrontal cortex does not inhibit inter-male aggression in mice under the reported conditions.

This review surveys optogenetic investigations of neural circuits in animal models of anxiety-related behaviors and social behaviors, with emphasis on the amygdala.

This review synthesizes studies using optogenetic tools to study pain pathways at peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal levels.

The source discusses the potential significance of optogenetics in the development of clinical therapeutics.

Combined optophysiology tools and methods have strong potential for studying neural circuits and networks, behavior, animal models of disease, and high-throughput ex vivo systems.

The review examines application of optogenetics to the dopaminergic system as a psychiatric disease-relevant neuromodulatory system.

Blocking thalamic output to the neocortex decreases the frequency of slow waves during non-REM sleep in freely moving rats.

Thalamic inactivation reduces spindles more strongly than slow waves during anesthesia and natural sleep.

A defining goal of optogenetics is to enable optical control over biological processes.

Optogenetics and genetically encoded photosensors have provided neuroscience researchers with many tools and methods for examining and manipulating neuronal function in vivo.

Optical control of intracellular biological processes has been a fragmented effort with different laboratories engineering light-responsive properties into proteins in different ways.

Selective excitation of thalamocortical neurons entrains EEG slow waves in the 0.75-1.5 Hz band only when thalamic T-type calcium channels are functionally active.

Full expression of slow waves requires dynamic interplay between neocortical and thalamic oscillators.

Combining optogenetics with small-animal functional magnetic resonance imaging can reveal physiological mechanisms underlying disease-related alterations in brain circuits.

This review focuses on optogenetic strategies for investigating neural circuitry engaged by stress.

Optogenetics is presented as a promising approach for studying circuit function in psychiatric animal models by optical control of neuronal excitability using genetically delivered light-activated channels and pumps.

The review describes emerging technological developments for optogenetic circuit manipulation in freely behaving animals.

Recent experimental work has provided new mechanistic insights and preliminary proof-of-principle for optogenetic therapies in Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and progressive blindness.

Optogenetic approaches foster understanding of physiological and pathophysiological properties of brain networks and have potential clinical applications.

Optogenetics has been applied to tactile, visual, auditory, and olfactory neural circuit research and to research on some neurological diseases.

The review discusses use of optogenetics in behavioral neuroscience with emphasis on amygdala microcircuits mediating conditioned fear.

Optogenetics allows direct manipulation of targeted neuronal activity with millisecond-order timing in behaving animals.

Optogenetics allows optical control of specific populations of neurons with high temporal and spatial resolution.

Optogenetics merges optical imaging, protein engineering, and genetic dissection of neuronal circuits to optically monitor and control brain activity with high spatial and temporal precision.

Optogenetics enables monitoring and manipulation of genetically defined cell populations with light-based speed and precision.

Optogenetics has higher selectivity and specificity than traditional electrophysiological techniques and pharmaceutical methods.

Heterologous expression of light-sensitive membrane proteins can induce cell type-specific depolarization or hyperpolarization on a millisecond time scale.

Optogenetic, genetic, and Ca2+ imaging approaches are being used to dissect the structure and function of locomotor CPGs.

This paper studies how dopamine neurons modulate neural encoding and the expression of depression-related behaviour.

The chapter outlines established and new tools used to advance understanding of locomotor CPG function at cellular and network levels.

This review synthesizes how optogenetic approaches can be used to establish causal roles for dopamine in neural function and behavior.

This paper covers molecular optogenetic tools for perturbing distinct cell types, projections, and intracellular signaling pathways.

The review covers nanotechnology applications for drug and trophic factor therapy, gene therapy, regenerative medicine including optogenetics and optic nerve regeneration, and diagnostics for retinal and optic nerve diseases.

The paper focuses on the human clinical application of emerging optogenetics technology.

Optogenetic constructs can be subdivided into reporters and effectors.

DREADDs can serve as an alternative to optogenetics or be combined with it to control intracellular signaling in defined cell groups.

Optogenetics is experimentation that combines genetic manipulation and optics.

The paper concerns molecular and cellular approaches for diversifying and extending optogenetics.