First-pass extracted concept

sonogenetics

Candidate: concept label26 source documents59 linked claims
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Extracted Explainers

What the tool is doing

Sonogenetics is described as using genetic engineering to achieve precise neuronal activation.

Source 1DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is presented as a genetic neuromodulation method for modulating neuronal activity. The abstract states that it has demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations.

Source 3DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is identified as a rising area within ultrasound-based regulation of the nervous system.

Source 9DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is named as a burgeoning research area related to low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation. The abstract presents it as promising but does not provide operational details.

Source 10DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics uses genetic engineering to make target cells express ultrasound-sensitive proteins so that ultrasound can trigger cellular activities and functions. The abstract frames it as a noninvasive cellular manipulation approach.

Source 11DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics combines ultrasound with genetic editing to modulate cellular activity. The abstract describes activation of introduced mechanosensitive membrane channels by ultrasound.

Source 13DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is named as a tool area that could benefit from the mechanistic findings in this paper.

Source 17DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics uses genetically encoded ultrasound-responsive mediators to control neural activity noninvasively and selectively.

Source 19DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is described as using ultrasound to non-invasively and precisely control cellular function. The abstract also frames it as useful for modulating and visualizing cellular and molecular processes.

Source 20DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics combines ultrasonic neuromodulation with mechanosensitive channel protein. The abstract presents it as an approach intended to improve the precision and spatial resolution of UNM.

Source 21DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is described as one of the recent technologies used to perturb whole-organism neuronal function in C. elegans. The abstract groups it with methods that allow interrogation of neural circuits and behavior.

Source 24DOI

Sonogenetics is named as a newer technique being developed and framed as a future possibility for Parkinson's disease treatment.

Source 25DOIPubMed

The title presents sonogenetics as an approach for activating neurons in C. elegans. It is framed as non-invasive.

Source 26DOIPubMed

Resources required

The abstract indicates that genetic engineering is required.

Source 1DOIPubMed

The approach requires target cells, genetic engineering to introduce ultrasound-sensitive proteins, and ultrasound stimulation. The abstract also implies dependence on appropriate ultrasound properties.

Source 11DOIPubMed

The method requires mechanosensitive channels to be introduced into target cells using gene delivery vectors, followed by ultrasound stimulation.

Source 13DOIPubMed

It requires genetic encoding of ultrasound-responsive mediators and ultrasound stimulation, with in vivo performance evaluation.

Source 19DOIPubMed

The abstract states that sonogenetics includes development of mechano-sensitive proteins, methods to introduce their genes into specific cells, targeted stimulation, and readout of outcomes.

Source 20DOIPubMed

The abstract explicitly states that sonogenetics combines UNM and mechanosensitive channel protein.

Source 21DOIPubMed

The available evidence supports that the approach involves ultrasound stimulation, but the payload does not include the paper abstract or methods needed to specify the full setup.

Source 26DOIPubMed

What problem it solves

It supports precise control of neuronal activation for neuromodulation.

Source 1DOIPubMed

It aims to provide non-surgical and more spatially selective control of cells than traditional ultrasound modalities alone. The review highlights potential use in disease treatment and research applications.

Source 11DOIPubMed

It aims to provide precise, non-invasive regulation of specific cells.

Source 13DOIPubMed

The paper suggests that explaining how ultrasound excites neurons can support further development of sonogenetics.

Source 17DOIPubMed

It offers a way to study neural circuits through noninvasive and selective neural control.

Source 19DOIPubMed

It is presented as a way to stimulate cells, including neurons in deep brain areas, without the surgical light-delivery requirements of optogenetics.

Source 20DOIPubMed

It is presented as a valuable improvement over standard UNM because it may increase precision and spatial resolution and improve specificity.

Source 21DOIPubMed

It contributes a perturbation modality for studying functional connectomics.

Source 24DOI

It addresses the need for non-invasive neuronal activation in C. elegans.

Source 26DOIPubMed

What it does not solve

The abstract does not establish a single validated actuator, protocol, or disease-specific solution, and it does not specify performance limits. It also does not resolve how broadly the approach works across applications.

Source 11DOIPubMed

The abstract indicates that optimization is still needed and that core in vivo performance properties and safety are not yet fully established.

Source 19DOIPubMed

The abstract notes that little information about sonogenetics is currently available.

Source 21DOIPubMed

The provided evidence does not establish whether it generalizes beyond the reported organism or what limitations apply across cell types or conditions.

Source 26DOIPubMed

Alternatives

The abstract explicitly contrasts sonogenetics with optogenetics, electrogenetics, and magnetogenetics, and also with traditional ultrasound modalities.

Source 11DOIPubMed

The abstract explicitly contrasts sonogenetics with optogenetics, noting that optogenetics needs surgical operations to convey light sources to targeted cells.

Source 20DOIPubMed

The abstract positions sonogenetics as an improvement over UNM alone.

Source 21DOIPubMed

The abstract mentions whole brain imaging, optogenetics, and mutant analysis as related approaches.

Source 24DOI

The abstract lists optogenetics and magnetogenetics alongside sonogenetics.

Source 25DOIPubMed

OpenAlex concepts mention optogenetics as a nearby topic, but the source-backed title evidence here does not explicitly compare the two methods.

Source 26DOIPubMed

Evidence Snippets

Optogenetics and sonogenetics use genetic engineering to achieve precise neuronal activation
Evidence 1Source 1DOIPubMedprovenance
To overcome these challenges, ultrasound control systems based on synthetic biology have been developed, especially for sonogenetics and gas vesicles.
Evidence 2Source 2DOIPubMedprovenance
Genetic methods, such as sonogenetics and magnetogenetics, have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations
Evidence 3Source 3DOIPubMedprovenance
with recent basic science applications of sonogenetics and targeted drug delivery through the BBB
Evidence 4Source 4DOIPubMedprovenance
this review discusses the potential and challenges these techniques pose for future research and describes the current state of research on sonogenetics and odourgenetics developed based on optogenetics and chemogenetics.
Evidence 5Source 5DOIPubMedprovenance
This new strategy integrates bacterial therapeutics with sonogenetics
Evidence 6Source 6DOIPubMedprovenance
sonogenetics can non-invasively modulate the cellular activity of neurons expressed with mechano-sensitive proteins in deeper areas of the brain with less spatial selectivity.
Evidence 7Source 7DOIPubMedprovenance
Sonogenetics is developing into a powerful tool in synthetic biology.
Evidence 8Source 8DOIPubMedprovenance
This article mainly explores the possible mechanisms of ultrasound's mechanical effects, cavitation effects, thermal effects, and the rise of sonogenetics.
Evidence 9Source 9DOIPubMedprovenance
Furthermore, burgeoning research areas such as sonogenetics and nanotechnology show promising potential.
Evidence 10Source 10DOIPubMedprovenance
Sonogenetics, a method that uses genetic engineering to produce ultrasound-sensitive proteins in target cells, is gaining prominence along with optogenetics, electrogenetics, and magnetogenetics.
Evidence 11Source 11DOIPubMedprovenance
Ultrasound technology, synergistically harnessed with genetic engineering and chemistry concepts, has started to open the gateway to the remarkable realm of sonogenetics-a pioneering paradigm for remotely orchestrating cellular functions at the molecular level.
Evidence 12Source 12DOIPubMedprovenance
Sonogenetics is an innovative technology that integrates ultrasound with genetic editing to precisely modulate cellular activities in a non-invasive manner.
Evidence 13Source 13DOIPubMedprovenance
Sonogenetics is an emerging medical technology that uses acoustic waves to control cells through sonosensitive mediators (SSMs) that are genetically encoded, thus remotely and non-invasively modulating specific molecular events and/or biomolecular functions.
Evidence 14Source 14DOIPubMedprovenance
Our findings demonstrate that sonogenetics can deliver millisecond pattern presentations via an approach less invasive than current brain-machine interfaces for visual restoration.
Evidence 15Source 15DOIPubMedprovenance
Sonogenetics is an emerging approach that harnesses ultrasound for the manipulation of genetically modified cells.
Evidence 16Source 16DOIPubMedprovenance
These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the effect of ultrasound on neurons to facilitate the further development of ultrasonic neuromodulation and sonogenetics as tools for neuroscience research.
Evidence 17Source 17DOIPubMedprovenance
Collectively, we demonstrate that hsTRPA1-based sonogenetics can effectively manipulate neurons within the intact mammalian brain, a method that could be used across species.
Evidence 18Source 18DOIPubMedprovenance
Sonogenetics refers to the use of genetically encoded, ultrasound-responsive mediators for noninvasive and selective control of neural activity.
Evidence 19Source 19DOIPubMedprovenance
Current sonogenetic approaches use ultrasound as a non-invasive tool to precisely control cellular function.
Evidence 20Source 20DOIPubMedprovenance

Supporting Sources

Source 7primary paper2025MEDDOIPubMed

Linked Claims

Claim 1mechanistic or functional rolesupports2026Source 1DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics uses genetic engineering to achieve precise neuronal activation.

Claim 2overall conclusionsupports2026Source 1DOIPubMed

Advancements in photoacoustic and related optical or acoustic neuromodulation technologies may enhance nerve function remodeling and improve outcomes in spinal cord injury.

Claim 3application potentialsupports2025Source 8DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is a promising tool for research and therapeutic applications.

Claim 4application scopesupports2025Source 2DOIPubMed

Advanced ultrasound control systems in sonogenetics and gas vesicle-based technologies are presented for applications including cancer therapy, neural activity modulation, visual recovery, and functional imaging.

Claim 5application statementsupports2025Source 3DOIPubMed

Neuromodulation techniques have shown significant advancements in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Claim 6capability statementsupports2025Source 8DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is developing into a powerful tool in synthetic biology.

Claim 7categorizationsupports2025Source 3DOIPubMed

The review categorizes neuromodulation techniques into genetic methods and non-genetic methods.

Claim 8clinical application summarysupports2025Source 4DOIPubMed

Focused ultrasound has already been clinically applied for targeted brain ablation using high-intensity focused ultrasound and for neuromodulation using low-intensity focused ultrasound, while sonogenetics and BBB-targeted drug delivery are presented as emerging translational opportunities.

Quoted textsource-backed
Currently, FUS has been clinically applied for targeted brain ablation (high intensity [HIFU]) and neuromodulation (low intensity [LIFU]), with recent basic science applications of sonogenetics and targeted drug delivery through the BBB (Precise Intracerebral Noninvasive Guided, or PING, Surgery) offering new opportunities for clinical translation.
Claim 9comparative advantagesupports2025Source 8DOIPubMed

Compared with optogenetics, sonogenetics overcomes limits of tissue penetration and invasiveness.

Claim 10comparative advantagesupports2025Source 2DOIPubMed

Ultrasound is highlighted as a non-invasive, cost-effective, convenient control modality with high spatiotemporal precision and deep penetration.

Claim 11field challengesupports2025Source 8DOIPubMed

Key challenges in ultrasound-guided cellular control include standardization of parameters and understanding of underlying mechanisms.

Claim 12field needsupports2025Source 3DOIPubMed

Fully harnessing the therapeutic potential of neuromodulation requires integration and innovation in technologies, optimization of delivery methods, improvement of mediums, and evaluation of toxicity.

Claim 13limitationsupports2025Source 2DOIPubMed

Ultrasound-responsive therapeutic nanomaterials are limited by complex functionalities and toxicity issues, which constrain development of ultrasound control systems.

Claim 14mechanism or functionsupports2025Source 8DOIPubMed

Coupling ultrasound with genetically engineered effectors enables non-invasive and precise control of cellular and molecular processes.

Claim 15mechanism summarysupports2025Source 2DOIPubMed

The tunable thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound serve as the main triggering sources for engineered cells to perform sono-thermal or sono-mechanical genetic modifications in targeted tissue.

Claim 16performance statementsupports2025Source 6DOIPubMed

Integrating bacterial therapeutics with sonogenetics provides precise, controllable, and non-invasive tumor killing.

Quoted textsource-backed
This new strategy integrates bacterial therapeutics with sonogenetics, which provides the capability of achieving precise, controllable, and non-invasive killing of tumors.
Claim 17performance statementsupports2025Source 3DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics and magnetogenetics have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations.

Claim 18relationshipsupports2025Source 5DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics and odourgenetics are described as developed based on optogenetics and chemogenetics.

Quoted textsource-backed
describes the current state of research on sonogenetics and odourgenetics developed based on optogenetics and chemogenetics
Claim 19advantagesupports2024Source 14DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics offers targeted spatiotemporal manipulation for gene and cell-based therapies because it is noninvasive, has a high level of safety, and penetrates deep tissue.

Claim 20application scopesupports2024Source 14DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics has potential applications including tumor immunotherapy, mitigation of Parkinsonian symptoms, modulation of neural reward pathways, and restoration of vision.

Claim 21application scopesupports2024Source 11DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics has potential applications in neuromodulation, oncologic treatments, stem cell therapy, neurological disorders, cancer, ophthalmic diseases, and stem cell therapies.

Quoted textsource-backed
This technology broadens the scope of non-surgical interventions across a wide range of clinical research and therapeutic applications, including neuromodulation, oncologic treatments, stem cell therapy, and beyond... the technique's potential in managing conditions such as neurological disorders, cancer, and ophthalmic diseases, and in stem cell therapies.
Claim 22application scopesupports2024Source 13DOIPubMed

The review states that sonogenetics is being used in chronic disease-related contexts including Parkinson's disease, vision restoration, and cancer therapy.

Quoted textsource-backed
Sonogenetics is currently being used extensively in the treatment of various chronic diseases, including Parkinson's disease, vision restoration, and cancer therapy.
Claim 23capability statementsupports2024Source 12DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is presented as a paradigm for remotely orchestrating cellular functions at the molecular level using ultrasound combined with genetic engineering and chemistry.

Quoted textsource-backed
Ultrasound technology, synergistically harnessed with genetic engineering and chemistry concepts, has started to open the gateway to the remarkable realm of sonogenetics-a pioneering paradigm for remotely orchestrating cellular functions at the molecular level.
Claim 24capability summarysupports2024Source 12DOIPubMed

Sonogenetic tools can harness mechanical force within small tissue volumes while preserving surrounding physiological integrity and can reach depths of up to tens of centimeters with high spatiotemporal precision.

Quoted textsource-backed
Sonogenetic tools harness mechanical force within small tissue volumes while preserving the integrity of the surrounding physiological environment, reaching depths of up to tens of centimeters with high spatiotemporal precision.
Claim 25comparative advantagesupports2024Source 12DOIPubMed

Sonogenetic capabilities are stated to circumvent physical limitations of optogenetics and magnetogenetics for in vivo control.

Quoted textsource-backed
These capabilities circumvent the inherent physical limitations of alternative in vivo control methods such as optogenetics and magnetogenetics.
Claim 26comparative advantagesupports2024Source 11DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics offers enhanced spatial selectivity compared with traditional ultrasound modalities, improving precision and safety in disease treatment.

Quoted textsource-backed
Unlike traditional ultrasound modalities, sonogenetics offers enhanced spatial selectivity, improving precision and safety in disease treatment.
Claim 27comparative advantagesupports2024Source 12DOIPubMed

The review states that sonogenetic capabilities circumvent inherent physical limitations of alternative in vivo control methods such as optogenetics and magnetogenetics.

Quoted textsource-backed
These capabilities circumvent the inherent physical limitations of alternative in vivo control methods such as optogenetics and magnetogenetics.
Claim 28definitionsupports2024Source 13DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics integrates ultrasound with genetic editing to precisely modulate cellular activities in a non-invasive manner.

Quoted textsource-backed
Sonogenetics is an innovative technology that integrates ultrasound with genetic editing to precisely modulate cellular activities in a non-invasive manner.
Claim 29definitionsupports2024Source 14DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics uses acoustic waves and genetically encoded sonosensitive mediators to control cells and remotely, non-invasively modulate molecular events or biomolecular functions.

Claim 30definitionsupports2024Source 11DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics uses genetic engineering to produce ultrasound-sensitive proteins in target cells.

Quoted textsource-backed
Sonogenetics, a method that uses genetic engineering to produce ultrasound-sensitive proteins in target cells
Claim 31mechanismsupports2024Source 13DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics entails introducing mechanosensitive channels into specific cell membranes using gene delivery vectors and activating those channels with ultrasound to affect cellular functions.

Quoted textsource-backed
This method entails introducing and activating mechanosensitive channels on the cell membrane of specific cells using gene delivery vectors. When exposed to ultrasound, these channels can be manipulated to open or close, thereby impacting cellular functions.
Claim 32mechanismsupports2024Source 11DOIPubMed

Ultrasound stimulation of the expressed ultrasound-sensitive proteins triggers cellular activities and functions.

Quoted textsource-backed
Upon stimulation with ultrasound, these proteins trigger a cascade of cellular activities and functions.
Claim 33mediator prevalencesupports2024Source 12DOIPubMed

Mechanosensitive ion channels are described as the most commonly utilized sonogenetic mediators.

Quoted textsource-backed
In this review, we first discuss mechanosensitive ion channels, the most commonly utilized sonogenetic mediators, in both mammalian and non-mammalian systems.
Claim 34performance statementsupports2024Source 12DOIPubMed

Sonogenetic tools harness mechanical force within small tissue volumes while preserving surrounding physiological integrity and can reach depths of up to tens of centimeters with high spatiotemporal precision.

Quoted textsource-backed
Sonogenetic tools harness mechanical force within small tissue volumes while preserving the integrity of the surrounding physiological environment, reaching depths of up to tens of centimeters with high spatiotemporal precision.
Claim 35research directionsupports2024Source 10DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics and nanotechnology are described as promising emerging research areas related to low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation.

Quoted textsource-backed
Furthermore, burgeoning research areas such as sonogenetics and nanotechnology show promising potential.
Claim 36scope summarysupports2024Source 12DOIPubMed

State-of-the-art sonogenetic approaches include strategies that leverage thermal or mechanical features of ultrasonic waves.

Quoted textsource-backed
Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art sonogenetic approaches that leverage thermal or mechanical features of ultrasonic waves.
Claim 37advantagesupports2023Source 16DOIPubMed

Ultrasound enables non-invasive stimulation of deep tissues and is particularly advantageous for brain stimulation.

Quoted textsource-backed
The great penetrability of ultrasound waves enables the non-invasive application of external stimuli to deep tissues, particularly advantageous for brain stimulation.
Claim 38comparative advantagesupports2023Source 15DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics can deliver millisecond pattern presentations through an approach described as less invasive than current brain-machine interfaces for visual restoration.

Claim 39definitionsupports2023Source 16DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics uses ultrasound to manipulate genetically modified cells.

Quoted textsource-backed
Sonogenetics is an emerging approach that harnesses ultrasound for the manipulation of genetically modified cells.
Claim 40importancesupports2023Source 16DOIPubMed

Genetically encoded ultrasound mediators are critical determinants of sonogenetic effectiveness and applications.

Quoted textsource-backed
Genetically encoded ultrasound mediators, a set of proteins that respond to ultrasound-induced bio-effects, play a critical role in determining the effectiveness and applications of sonogenetics.
Claim 41in vivo behavioral effectsupports2023Source 15DOIPubMed

In vivo sonogenetic activation of the visual cortex generated a behavior associated with light perception.

Claim 42applicationsupports2022Source 19DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is a promising tool for studying neural circuits.

Quoted textsource-backed
It is a promising tool for studying neural circuits.
Claim 43application relevancesupports2022Source 17DOIPubMed

The mechanistic findings are presented as enabling further development of ultrasonic neuromodulation and sonogenetics for neuroscience research.

Quoted textsource-backed
These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the effect of ultrasound on neurons to facilitate the further development of ultrasonic neuromodulation and sonogenetics as tools for neuroscience research.
Claim 44application scopesupports2022Source 18DOIPubMed

hsTRPA1-based sonogenetics can effectively manipulate neurons within the intact mammalian brain.

Claim 45definitionsupports2022Source 19DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics uses genetically encoded ultrasound-responsive mediators for noninvasive and selective control of neural activity.

Quoted textsource-backed
Sonogenetics refers to the use of genetically encoded, ultrasound-responsive mediators for noninvasive and selective control of neural activity.
Claim 46limitationsupports2022Source 19DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics remains an immature field in which basic studies and development are still underway, including evaluation of in vivo spatiotemporal resolution, selectivity, specificity, and safety.

Quoted textsource-backed
However, due to its infancy, basic studies and developments are still underway, including gauging key in vivo performance metrics such as spatiotemporal resolution, selectivity, specificity, and safety.
Claim 47application potentialsupports2021Source 20DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics has potential therapeutic applications for biological research and medicine and may translate from in vitro and in vivo investigations to clinical therapies.

Quoted textsource-backed
we summarized the introduction of sound waves, the mechano-sensitive proteins commonly used in sonogenetics, and potential therapeutic applications of sonogenetics for biological research and medicine. This short review would beneficiate in the translation of sonogenetics from present in-vitro and in-vivo investigations to clinical therapies.
Claim 48comparative advantagesupports2021Source 20DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is presented as a non-invasive approach for precise control of cellular function.

Quoted textsource-backed
Current sonogenetic approaches use ultrasound as a non-invasive tool to precisely control cellular function.
Claim 49workflow compositionsupports2021Source 20DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics includes development of mechano-sensitive proteins, gene introduction into specific cells, targeted stimulation, and outcome readout.

Quoted textsource-backed
In general, sonogenetics includes the development of mechano-sensitive proteins, approaches for introducing their genes to specific cells, targeted stimulation, and finally, reading the outcome.
Claim 50composition definitionsupports2020Source 21DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics combines ultrasonic neuromodulation with mechanosensitive channel protein.

Claim 51evidence gapsupports2020Source 21DOIPubMed

Little information about sonogenetics is currently available.

Claim 52improvement claimsupports2020Source 21DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics may markedly increase the precision and spatial resolution of ultrasonic neuromodulation.

Claim 53application statementsupports2019Source 22DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is applied as a non-invasive approach to control neuronal activity.

Quoted textsource-backed
As a non-invasive approach, sonogenetics is applied to control neuronal activity.
Claim 54mechanistic definitionsupports2019Source 22DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics activates mechanosensitive channels expressed in targeted neurons using low-intensity ultrasound to achieve neuromodulation.

Quoted textsource-backed
Sonogenetics is the technique that activates the MSC expressed in targeted neurons by low intensity ultrasound, thus achieve the neuromodulation.
Claim 55field advancesupports2018Source 23DOIPubMed

Recent biomolecular tools are beginning to allow ultrasound to connect directly to cellular functions such as gene expression.

Quoted textsource-backed
Recent advances are beginning to address this limitation through the development of biomolecular tools that allow ultrasound to connect directly to cellular functions such as gene expression.
Claim 56future potentialsupports2018Source 25DOIPubMed

Optogenetics, magnetogenetics, and sonogenetics are emerging techniques considered exciting future possibilities for Parkinson's disease treatment.

Quoted textsource-backed
Newer techniques being developed (optogenetics, magnetogenetics, and sonogenetics) are exciting possibilities for the future.
Claim 57limitation of existing modalitysupports2018Source 23DOIPubMed

Light-responsive proteins are difficult to use outside optically transparent model systems, cultured cells, or surgically accessed regions because biological tissue strongly scatters light.

Quoted textsource-backed
Currently, the most sophisticated tools available to dynamically monitor and control cellular events rely on light-responsive proteins, which are difficult to use outside of optically transparent model systems, cultured cells, or surgically accessed regions owing to strong scattering of light by biological tissue.
Claim 58technology enables circuit interrogationsupports2018Source 24DOI

Whole brain imaging, optogenetics, sonogenetics, and mutant analysis have allowed interrogation of local and global neural circuits leading to different behaviors in C. elegans.

Quoted textsource-backed
whole brain imaging, optogenetics, sonogenetics and mutant analysis, which have allowed for interrogations of both local and global neural circuits, leading to different behaviors
Claim 59capabilitysupports2015Source 26DOIPubMed

Sonogenetics is a non-invasive approach to activating neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Quoted textsource-backed
Sonogenetics is a non-invasive approach to activating neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans