targeted IL-12 delivery to tumours

Combination strategies incorporating multiple therapeutic components may enable safe deployment of IL-12 while fully realising its antitumour potential.

Modern engineering approaches have the potential to overcome historical barriers to IL-12 therapy while preserving its potent and pleiotropic antitumour functions.

Safe delivery strategies that confine IL-12 activity to the tumour site are needed to preserve antitumour function while reducing systemic toxicity.

An integrative framework connecting advances across diverse IL-12 engineering modalities has been lacking.

Clinical development of recombinant IL-12 has been severely limited by substantial systemic toxicities following systemic administration.

IL-12 can remodel the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment by enhancing immune effector cell activation, proliferation, and infiltration and by shifting suppressive immune cells toward a proinflammatory phenotype.

IL-12 has potent antitumour activity and has been extensively explored as a candidate for cancer immunotherapy.