Temperature entrainment refers to synchronization of circadian clocks by periodic temperature cycles. The review states that low-amplitude cycles can strongly entrain ectotherms, whereas endotherms often require higher amplitudes.
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Temperature entrainment of circadian clocks
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Temperature changes may influence circadian clocks both directly and indirectly through membrane properties, ion homeostasis, calcium influx, cyclic nucleotide signaling, and protein kinase pathways that affect phosphorylation processes.
Temperature elevation has been associated with induction of FRQ in Neurospora and degradation of PER and TIM in Drosophila, offering molecular explanations for observed phase shifts.
Different permissive temperatures produce different circadian amplitudes, usually with a species-specific optimum.
In endotherms, temperature cycles and pulses often have weaker entraining and phase-shifting effects and usually require higher amplitudes than in ectotherms.
In-phase warm/light and cold/dark cycles produce stable circadian phase and maximal rhythm amplitude.
Periodic temperature cycles around 24 h with amplitudes as low as 1-2 degrees C can entrain ectothermic organisms.
The magnitude of temperature-induced phase shifts depends on the amplitude and duration of the temperature change.
When light and temperature Zeitgeber cycles are phase-shifted relative to each other, circadian phase can be determined by either cue or by both depending on relative signal strength and organismal sensitivity.