The review treats the tumor microenvironment as the setting in which immune tolerance is established in gastric cancer. It includes immune cells and non-cellular elements such as extracellular matrix.
First-pass extracted concept
tumor microenvironment
Candidate: concept label3 source documents11 linked claims
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TME
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Evidence Snippets
The formation of an immunotolerant tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important promoter of tumor progression, treatment resistance and a poor prognosis.
The tumor microenvironment (TME) regulates essential tumor survival and promotion functions.
The title directly names the cancer microenvironment, and the supplied summary describes the review as focused on in vitro modeling of the tumor microenvironment.
Supporting Sources
Linked Claims
In gastric cancer, formation of an immunotolerant tumor microenvironment promotes tumor progression, treatment resistance, and poor prognosis.
The gastric cancer tumor microenvironment includes cellular and non-cellular elements, including extracellular matrix, that induce immune tolerance through multiple mechanisms.
Cancer-associated fibroblasts reorganize the surrounding matrix to create migration-guiding tracks for cancer cells.
Hypoxic conditions at the primary tumor force cancer cells to genetically or epigenetically adapt in order to survive and metastasize.
Interactions between cellular and structural components of the tumor microenvironment enable cancer cell invasion and dissemination through a multistep metastatic cascade.
Mesenchymal-cell-produced exosomes increase the migratory ability of cancer cells.
The tumor extracellular matrix has determinant roles in disease progression and cancer cell migration and regulates therapeutic responses.
Tumor-associated M2-type macrophages have growth-promoting and immunosuppressive functions.
The tumor microenvironment regulates essential tumor survival and promotion functions.
The review discusses small molecule inhibitors, nanoparticles, manipulated exosomes, and miRNAs as targeting approaches to inhibit tumor invasion and remodel the tumor microenvironment to enhance treatment efficacy.
This review centers on tissue-engineering approaches to the cancer microenvironment with emphasis on extracellular-matrix mechanics and in vitro modeling platforms.