The abstract names virus-like particles as a vaccine platform for delivering antigens to the immune system.
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virus-like particles
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This review explores the cutting-edge platforms-including mRNA, DNA, virus-like particles, viral and bacterial vectors, and bacteriophage-based vaccines
We discussed in detail various types of biomimetic nano-materials such as conventional extracellular membranes, bacterial outer membranes, and virus-like particles.
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The reviewed biomimetic nanomaterial classes are described as having capacity to enhance blood-brain barrier penetration, improve target specificity, and evade immune clearance in cerebral ischemic stroke management.
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We discussed in detail various types of biomimetic nano-materials such as conventional extracellular membranes, bacterial outer membranes, and virus-like particles, and explore their capacity in enhancing BBB penetration, improving target specificity, and evading immune clearance.
The review covers mRNA, DNA, virus-like particle, viral vector, bacterial vector, and bacteriophage-based vaccine platforms as innovations redefining antigen delivery to the immune system.
Biotechnology is enabling the design of safer, more efficient, and more adaptable vaccines to address existing and emerging infectious diseases.