cryptochrome 2

Therefore, CRY2 is essential in regulating skeletal muscle repair.

Immunostaining revealed that the number of mononucleated paired box protein 7 (PAX7+) cells associated with myotubes formed by CRY2-/- cells was increased compared with CRY2+/+ cells, suggesting that more reserve cells were produced in the absence of CRY2.

CRY2 deficient myoblasts survived better in ischemic muscle.

Using the skeletal muscle lineage and satellite cell-specific CRY2 knockout mice (CRY2scko), we show that the deletion of CRY2 enhances muscle regeneration.

Single myofiber analysis revealed that deletion of CRY2 stimulates the proliferation of myoblasts.

The differentiation potential of myoblasts was enhanced by the loss of CRY2 evidenced by increased expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and myotube formation in CRY2-/- cells versus CRY2+/+ cells.

Loss of CRY2 leads to the activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and ETS1, which binds to the promoter of PAX7 to induce its transcription.

Optogenetic Control of Gene Expression Using Cryptochrome 2 and a Light-Activated Degron

CRY2 knockdown increased the S phase cell population and reduced the G1 phase cell population.

knockdown of CRY2 significantly increased the mRNA expression of CRY1, Period (PER) 1, PER2, BMAL1, and CLOCK.

Our results suggest that CRY2 may be an anti-oncogene in OS

CRY2 knockdown decreased P53 expression and increased expression of c-myc and cyclin D1.

CRY2 knockdown promoted HOS OS cell proliferation and migration.

CRY2 knockdown increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, but did not change the phosphorylation of c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) and P38.

CRY2 knockdown also increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and β-catenin, and increased OS cell proliferation and migration by inducing cell cycle progression and promoting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.

In human liver tissue samples, CRY2 mRNA expression was directly associated with hepatic triglyceride content.

Our data may point to CRY2 as a novel switch in hepatic fuel metabolism promoting triglyceride storage and, concomitantly, limiting glucose production.

Four CRY2 SNPs were associated with fasting glycaemia, as reported earlier.

Importantly, carriers of these SNPs' minor alleles revealed elevated fasting glycaemia and, concomitantly, reduced liver fat content.

None of the tested SNPs was associated with body fat content, insulin sensitivity, or insulin secretion.

FBXW7 binds directly to phosphorylated Thr300 of CRY2

Taken together, our findings indicate that the upregulation of CRY2 caused by downregulation of FBXW7 may be a novel prognostic biomarker and may represent a new therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.

High FBXW7 expression downregulates CRY2 and increases colorectal cancer cells' sensitivity to chemotherapy.

Knockdown of CRY2 increased colorectal cancer sensitivity to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer cells.

Here, we report that CRY2 is overexpressed in chemoresistant colorectal cancer samples

Low FBXW7 expression is correlated with high CRY2 expression in colorectal cancer patient samples.

We also identify FBXW7 as a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase for targeting CRY2 through proteasomal degradation.

FBXW7 expression leads to degradation of CRY2 through enhancing CRY2 ubiquitination and accelerating the CRY2's turnover rate.

CRY2 overexpression is correlated with poor patient survival

Here we describe the development of light-inducible transcriptional effectors (LITEs), an optogenetic two-hybrid system integrating the customizable TALE DNA-binding domain with the light-sensitive cryptochrome 2 protein and its interacting partner CIB1 from Arabidopsis thaliana.

Here we exploited the blue light-induced transcription system in yeast and zebrafish, based on the blue light dependent interaction between two plant proteins, blue light photoreceptor Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) and the bHLH transcription factor CIB1 (CRY-interacting bHLH 1).

Exposure to darkness or blue-light induces degradation of CRY2, and in turn HRT, resulting in susceptibility.

The blue-light photoreceptors, cryptochrome (CRY) 2 and phototropin (PHOT) 2, are required for the stability of the R protein HRT, and thereby resistance to Turnip Crinkle virus (TCV).

Overexpression of HRT can compensate for the absence of PHOT2 but not CRY2.

We propose that CRY2/PHOT2 negatively regulate the proteasome-mediated degradation of HRT, likely via COP1, and blue-light relieves this repression resulting in HRT degradation.

HRT does not directly associate with either CRY2 or PHOT2 but does bind the CRY2-/PHOT2-interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase, COP1.

we show that phyA mediates far-red light promotion of flowering with modes of action similar to that of cry2.

The short-day-specific diurnal rhythm of cry2 is determined primarily by blue light-dependent cry2 turnover.

Based on these results and a finding that the photoperiodic responsiveness of plants depends on light quality, a model is proposed to explain how individual phytochromes and cryptochromes work together to confer photoperiodic responsiveness in Arabidopsis.

The protein abundance of cry2 and phyA showed a diurnal rhythm in plants grown in short-day but not in plants grown in long-day.

Here, we report a study of the day-length-dependent response of cryptochrome 2 (cry2) and phytochrome A (phyA) and their role as day-length sensors in Arabidopsis.

The C-terminal domain of cry2 that contains the basic bipartite nuclear localization signal was sufficient to confer nuclear localization of the fusion protein.

These results strongly suggest that cry2 is a nuclear protein.

In contrast to CRY1 ... cryptochrome 2 functions primarily under low light during the early development of seedlings.

We have found that the two blue-light photoreceptors, cryptochromes 1 and 2 (CRY1 and CRY2), recently discovered in mammals are specifically expressed in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers of the mouse retina.

It is found that cryptochrome 2 mediates blue light-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation ... under low intensities of blue light.

It is found that cryptochrome 2 mediates ... stimulation of cotyledon opening under low intensities of blue light.

the expression of CRY2 is rapidly down-regulated by blue light in a light-intensity dependent manner