Source 1review2022Journal of Economic Entomology
Toolkit/gene-pyramiding approach
gene-pyramiding approach
Taxonomy: Technique Branch / Method. Workflows sit above the mechanism and technique branches rather than replacing them.
Summary
The gene-pyramiding approach is an insect resistance management strategy used in the U.S. to combat the evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops. The supplied evidence identifies it as one of the two main IRM strategies alongside the high dose/refuge approach, but does not provide further mechanistic detail.
Usefulness & Problems
Why this is useful
This approach is useful for managing the evolution of insect resistance in agricultural systems using Bt crops. The cited literature frames it as part of the main U.S. strategy set for resistance management, indicating relevance to sustaining Bt crop efficacy against pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda.
Source:
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Problem solved
It addresses the problem of insect populations evolving resistance to Bt crops. The broader evidence indicates that resistance evolution can be influenced by resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, completeness of resistance, and fitness costs, but the specific contribution of gene pyramiding to these factors is not detailed in the supplied text.
Source:
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Taxonomy & Function
Primary hierarchy
Technique Branch
Method: A concrete method used to build, optimize, or evolve an engineered system.
Mechanisms
No mechanism tags yet.
Techniques
Directed EvolutionTarget processes
No target processes tagged yet.
Implementation Constraints
cofactor dependency: cofactor requirement unknownencoding mode: genetically encodedimplementation constraint: context specific validationoperating role: builder
The available evidence only states that gene pyramiding is used as an IRM strategy in the U.S. for Bt crops. No details are provided on construct architecture, which Bt proteins are combined, crop species, regulatory deployment, or field management practices.
The supplied evidence does not describe the molecular design, deployment requirements, or quantitative efficacy of the gene-pyramiding approach. It also does not provide independent comparisons with other IRM strategies, specific target pests beyond the broader Bt-resistance context, or implementation outcomes.
Validation
Cell-freeBacteriaMammalianMouseHumanTherapeuticIndep. Replication
Supporting Sources
Ranked Claims
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Approval Evidence
1 source2 linked approval claimsfirst-pass slug gene-pyramiding-approach
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Source:
application implicationsupports
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Source:
strategy summarysupports
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Source:
Comparisons
Source-backed strengths
A key strength supported by the evidence is that gene pyramiding is established enough to be described as one of the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. The source also indicates that lessons from resistance studies in the Americas are informative for global Bt crop deployment, although no direct performance metrics for gene pyramiding are provided.
Compared with CRISPR/Cas
gene-pyramiding approach and CRISPR/Cas address a similar problem space.
Shared frame: same top-level item type
Strengths here: looks easier to implement in practice.
Compared with gene editing technology
gene-pyramiding approach and gene editing technology address a similar problem space.
Shared frame: same top-level item type
Compared with zinc finger nucleases
gene-pyramiding approach and zinc finger nucleases address a similar problem space.
Shared frame: same top-level item type
Ranked Citations
- 1.