Source 1review2022Journal of Economic Entomology
Toolkit/high dose/refuge approach
high dose/refuge approach
Taxonomy: Technique Branch / Method. Workflows sit above the mechanism and technique branches rather than replacing them.
Summary
The high dose/refuge approach is an insect resistance management strategy used with Bt crops to combat the evolution of insect resistance. In the supplied evidence, it is identified as one of the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S.
Usefulness & Problems
Why this is useful
This approach is useful for managing the evolution of insect resistance in Bt crop systems. The evidence indicates that resistance evolution is influenced by Bt protein dose and by population-genetic factors such as initial resistance allele frequency, cross-resistance, completeness of resistance, and fitness costs.
Source:
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Problem solved
It addresses the problem of insect populations evolving resistance to Bt crops. The supplied literature frames this as a central challenge for sustaining Bt crop technology, including against Spodoptera frugiperda.
Source:
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Taxonomy & Function
Primary hierarchy
Technique Branch
Method: A concrete method used to build, optimize, or evolve an engineered system.
Mechanisms
high toxin dose exposurerefuge-based population managementrefuge-based population managementresistance management through high toxin dose exposureTechniques
Directed EvolutionTarget processes
No target processes tagged yet.
Implementation Constraints
cofactor dependency: cofactor requirement unknownencoding mode: genetically encodedimplementation constraint: context specific validationimplementation constraint: multi component delivery burdenoperating role: builderswitch architecture: multi component
The evidence links this strategy specifically to Bt crops and to insect resistance management in U.S. agricultural use. No construct design, deployment thresholds, refuge configuration, or species-specific implementation parameters are described in the supplied text.
The supplied evidence does not provide operational details, efficacy metrics, or direct comparative outcomes for the high dose/refuge approach. It also indicates that resistance evolution depends on multiple factors, including initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, completeness of resistance, and fitness costs, which may constrain performance.
Validation
Cell-freeBacteriaMammalianMouseHumanTherapeuticIndep. Replication
Supporting Sources
Ranked Claims
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
The rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops may be affected by initial resistance allele frequency, Bt protein dose, cross-resistance, complete or incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
There are many factors that may affect the rate of evolution of insect resistance to Bt crops, which include initial resistance allele frequency, the dose of Bt protein in Bt crops, cross-resistance, complete/incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
This review covers resistance allele frequencies in the field, genetic basis of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance for Spodoptera frugiperda against Cry1, Cry2, and Vip3Aa proteins.
Specifically, we discuss the resistance allele frequencies of S. frugiperda to these three proteins in the field, the genetic basis of resistance, the patterns of cross-resistance, and the fitness costs associated with resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Evolution of insect resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt technology.
Approval Evidence
1 source2 linked approval claimsfirst-pass slug high-dose-refuge-approach
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Source:
application implicationsupports
Experience and knowledge from studies of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in the Americas provide valuable information for successful worldwide use of Bt crop technology against this pest.
Experience and knowledge gained from these studies provide valuable information for the successful use of Bt crop technology for control of S. frugiperda worldwide.
Source:
strategy summarysupports
High dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding are the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Currently, the high dose/refuge and gene-pyramiding approaches are the two main IRM strategies used in the U.S. to combat evolution of insect resistance.
Source:
Comparisons
Source-backed strengths
A documented strength is that it is already one of the two main insect resistance management strategies used in the U.S. The cited literature also indicates that knowledge from resistance studies in the Americas can inform successful use of Bt crop technology against Spodoptera frugiperda worldwide, but no quantitative performance data for this specific strategy are provided here.
Compared with CRISPR/Cas
high dose/refuge approach and CRISPR/Cas address a similar problem space.
Shared frame: same top-level item type
Compared with gene editing technology
high dose/refuge approach and gene editing technology address a similar problem space.
Shared frame: same top-level item type
Relative tradeoffs: looks easier to implement in practice.
Compared with zinc finger nucleases
high dose/refuge approach and zinc finger nucleases address a similar problem space.
Shared frame: same top-level item type
Relative tradeoffs: looks easier to implement in practice.
Ranked Citations
- 1.