Browse the toolkit beneath workflows. The mechanism branch runs mechanism -> architecture -> component, while the technique branch runs from high-level approaches down to concrete methods.
11 items matching 1 filter
Mechanism Branch
Layer 1
Mechanisms
Top-level concepts: biophysical action modes such as heterodimerization, photocleavage, or RNA binding.
Layer 2
Architectures
Arrangements that realize or deploy mechanisms, including switches, construct patterns, and delivery strategies.
Layer 3
Components
Low-level parts and sequence-defined elements used inside architectures, including protein domains and RNA elements.
Technique Branch
Layer 1
Approaches
High-level engineering practices such as computational design, directed evolution, sequence verification, and functional assay.
Layer 2
Methods
Concrete methods used to design, build, verify, or characterize engineered systems.
Showing 1-11 of 11
ReaChR is the light-sensitive opsin used in this study to evoke visual responses in the inner retina after photoreceptor degeneration. The paper compares its effects when expressed in ON bipolar cells versus retinal ganglion cells.
Replacement of a glutamic acid in the central gate with a positively charged amino acid residue reverses the ion selectivity and produces chloride-conducting ChRs (ChloCs). Expressed in neurons, published ChloCs produced a strong shunting effect but also a small, yet significant depolarization from the resting potential.
Channelrhodopsin-2 C128T is a point mutant of ChR2 with high-resolution structural characterization and a markedly prolonged open-state lifetime relative to wild-type ChR2. Structural comparison links residue C128 in the DC gate to retinal Schiff base interactions and coupling between the DC gate and central gate.
we introduced the channelrhodopsin variant ChR2 XXM2.0, which exhibits high light sensitivity and enhanced Ca2+ conductance
Cr_ChR2 is a light-gated cation channel from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii used in optogenetics to activate neuronal excitability. The supplied evidence describes it as the first and most widely applied channelrhodopsin and as a benchmark comparator for newer light-gated cation channels such as Gt_CCR4.
Gt_CCR4 is a Guillardia theta-derived light-gated cation channel proposed as an optogenetic actuator. Reported evidence indicates that it has significantly higher light sensitivity than Cr_ChR2 while maintaining a channel open lifetime in the same range.
Channelrhodopsin-2 E123T, also called ChETA, is an engineered variant of the algal light-activated channel Channelrhodopsin-2 generated by point mutagenesis at residue E123. It is described in a comparative review as one of several channelrhodopsin optogenetic variants.
ChR2(H134R) is a mutant version of channelrhodopsin-2 used as an optogenetic light-actuation tool. In the cited cardiac fibroblast application, adenoviral delivery of ChR2(H134R) into primary cardiac fibroblasts enabled these non-excitable cells, under specific co-culture conditions with non-transformed cardiomyocytes, to participate in a light-sensitive excitable cardiac syncytium.
Green light-gated ion channels are optogenetic actuators reported for plant systems, where they enable light-dependent control of plant growth and cellular motion. The supplied evidence identifies green light as the activating input but does not specify the ion channel family, construct composition, or host species.
Recent developments in optogenetics, particularly the application of Ca2+-permeable channelrhodopsins such as CapChR2, have enabled precise, light-controlled activation of SCs, allowing for targeted investigation of Ca2+-dependent pathways in non-neuronal cells.
Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators (GECIs), light-gated channels, and exogenous receptors are being developed to selectively read out and stimulate astrocyte activity.