engineered endosymbionts
Delivery StrategyEngineered endosymbionts (EES) are engineered intracellular bacteria that escape endosomal destruction, reside in the mammalian cell cytoplasm, and secrete proteins that are transported to the nucleus. In the reported 2021 system, EES were engineered to express mammalian transcription factors and thereby direct host cell gene expression and modulate host cell fate.