Source 1primary paper2020Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
Toolkit/electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation
electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation
Also known as: EThcD
Taxonomy: Technique Branch / Method. Workflows sit above the mechanism and technique branches rather than replacing them.
Summary
Electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) is a top-down mass spectrometry fragmentation method used in a combined workflow with 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) to characterize covalent insulin dimers. In the cited study, this workflow identified cross-link chemical composition and, with MS3 analysis of informative MS2 fragments, enabled residue-level localization of interchain cross-link sites.
Usefulness & Problems
Why this is useful
EThcD is useful for structural characterization of covalent protein dimers when cross-link identity and linkage position must both be resolved. In the cited insulin study, combining EThcD with 213 nm UVPD improved interpretation of cross-linked species by supporting both cross-link composition assignment and site localization.
Source:
The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links.
Source:
Identification of cross-link sites between chains at residue level was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Source:
we here demonstrate on two case studies of covalent insulin dimers, induced by Fe2+ incubation or ultraviolet (UV) light stress, that de novo characterization in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) workflows can identify cross-link types and sites
Problem solved
This method addresses the analytical problem of determining both the chemical nature and residue-level positions of covalent cross-links in insulin dimers formed under Fe2+ incubation or UV light stress. It is particularly relevant when a single MS2 fragmentation mode is insufficient for complete cross-link site identification, as observed for the UV light-induced dimer.
Problem links
Need precise spatiotemporal control with light input
DerivedElectron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) is a top-down mass spectrometry fragmentation method used in a combined workflow with 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) to characterize covalent insulin dimers. In the cited study, this workflow identified cross-link chemical composition and, with MS3 analysis of informative MS2 fragments, enabled residue-level localization of interchain cross-link sites.
Taxonomy & Function
Primary hierarchy
Technique Branch
Method: A concrete measurement method used to characterize an engineered system.
Mechanisms
electron-transfer dissociationHeterodimerizationhigher-energy collision-induced dissociationPhotocleavageultraviolet photodissociationTechniques
Functional AssayTarget processes
No target processes tagged yet.
Input: Light
Implementation Constraints
cofactor dependency: cofactor requirement unknownencoding mode: genetically encodedimplementation constraint: context specific validationimplementation constraint: multi component delivery burdenimplementation constraint: spectral hardware requirementoperating role: sensorswitch architecture: cleavageswitch architecture: multi componentswitch architecture: recruitment
The validated implementation used a top-down, multistage tandem mass spectrometry workflow combining EThcD with 213 nm UVPD. Residue-level site assignment relied on MS3 analysis of selected MS2 fragments, including fragments produced by cleavage at the cross-link and, in some cases, at interchain disulfide bonds.
The evidence is limited to a single study on covalent insulin dimers, so broader generalizability to other proteins or cross-link classes is not established. MS2 alone was not sufficient for cross-link site identification in the UV light-induced dimer, indicating that multistage analysis may be required for some analytes.
Validation
Cell-freeBacteriaMammalianMouseHumanTherapeuticIndep. Replication
Supporting Sources
Ranked Claims
UVPD at MS2 provided cross-link site identification for the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer without MS3, but MS2 was not sufficient for cross-link site identification in the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD provided identification of cross-link sites in the Fe2+-induced dimer without MS3, while cross-link site identification with MS2 was not possible for the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD at MS2 provided cross-link site identification for the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer without MS3, but MS2 was not sufficient for cross-link site identification in the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD provided identification of cross-link sites in the Fe2+-induced dimer without MS3, while cross-link site identification with MS2 was not possible for the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD at MS2 provided cross-link site identification for the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer without MS3, but MS2 was not sufficient for cross-link site identification in the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD provided identification of cross-link sites in the Fe2+-induced dimer without MS3, while cross-link site identification with MS2 was not possible for the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD at MS2 provided cross-link site identification for the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer without MS3, but MS2 was not sufficient for cross-link site identification in the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD provided identification of cross-link sites in the Fe2+-induced dimer without MS3, while cross-link site identification with MS2 was not possible for the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD at MS2 provided cross-link site identification for the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer without MS3, but MS2 was not sufficient for cross-link site identification in the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD provided identification of cross-link sites in the Fe2+-induced dimer without MS3, while cross-link site identification with MS2 was not possible for the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD at MS2 provided cross-link site identification for the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer without MS3, but MS2 was not sufficient for cross-link site identification in the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD provided identification of cross-link sites in the Fe2+-induced dimer without MS3, while cross-link site identification with MS2 was not possible for the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD at MS2 provided cross-link site identification for the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer without MS3, but MS2 was not sufficient for cross-link site identification in the UV light-induced dimer.
UVPD provided identification of cross-link sites in the Fe2+-induced dimer without MS3, while cross-link site identification with MS2 was not possible for the UV light-induced dimer.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was implicated in the Fe2+-induced dimer cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 effectively fragmented the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was indicated in the cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 was effective in fragmenting the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was implicated in the Fe2+-induced dimer cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 effectively fragmented the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was indicated in the cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 was effective in fragmenting the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was implicated in the Fe2+-induced dimer cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 effectively fragmented the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was indicated in the cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 was effective in fragmenting the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was implicated in the Fe2+-induced dimer cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 effectively fragmented the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was indicated in the cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 was effective in fragmenting the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was implicated in the Fe2+-induced dimer cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 effectively fragmented the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was indicated in the cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 was effective in fragmenting the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was implicated in the Fe2+-induced dimer cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 effectively fragmented the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was indicated in the cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 was effective in fragmenting the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was implicated in the Fe2+-induced dimer cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 effectively fragmented the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
The UV chromophoric side chain of Phe1 was indicated in the cross-link, explaining why UVPD-MS2 was effective in fragmenting the cross-link and nearby backbone bonds.
Combined EThcD and 213 nm UVPD facilitated identification of the chemical composition of cross-links in insulin dimers.
The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links.
Combined EThcD and 213 nm UVPD facilitated identification of the chemical composition of cross-links in insulin dimers.
The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links.
Combined EThcD and 213 nm UVPD facilitated identification of the chemical composition of cross-links in insulin dimers.
The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links.
Combined EThcD and 213 nm UVPD facilitated identification of the chemical composition of cross-links in insulin dimers.
The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links.
Combined EThcD and 213 nm UVPD facilitated identification of the chemical composition of cross-links in insulin dimers.
The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links.
Combined EThcD and 213 nm UVPD facilitated identification of the chemical composition of cross-links in insulin dimers.
The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links.
Combined EThcD and 213 nm UVPD facilitated identification of the chemical composition of cross-links in insulin dimers.
The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links.
Residue-level identification of cross-link sites between chains was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Identification of cross-link sites between chains at residue level was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Residue-level identification of cross-link sites between chains was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Identification of cross-link sites between chains at residue level was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Residue-level identification of cross-link sites between chains was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Identification of cross-link sites between chains at residue level was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Residue-level identification of cross-link sites between chains was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Identification of cross-link sites between chains at residue level was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Residue-level identification of cross-link sites between chains was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Identification of cross-link sites between chains at residue level was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Residue-level identification of cross-link sites between chains was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Identification of cross-link sites between chains at residue level was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Residue-level identification of cross-link sites between chains was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Identification of cross-link sites between chains at residue level was achievable for both dimers with MS3 analysis of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or additionally the interchain disulfide bonds.
Top-down mass spectrometry workflows can identify cross-link types and sites in covalent insulin dimers induced by Fe2+ incubation or UV light stress.
we here demonstrate on two case studies of covalent insulin dimers, induced by Fe2+ incubation or ultraviolet (UV) light stress, that de novo characterization in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) workflows can identify cross-link types and sites
Top-down mass spectrometry workflows can identify cross-link types and sites in covalent insulin dimers induced by Fe2+ incubation or UV light stress.
we here demonstrate on two case studies of covalent insulin dimers, induced by Fe2+ incubation or ultraviolet (UV) light stress, that de novo characterization in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) workflows can identify cross-link types and sites
Top-down mass spectrometry workflows can identify cross-link types and sites in covalent insulin dimers induced by Fe2+ incubation or UV light stress.
we here demonstrate on two case studies of covalent insulin dimers, induced by Fe2+ incubation or ultraviolet (UV) light stress, that de novo characterization in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) workflows can identify cross-link types and sites
Top-down mass spectrometry workflows can identify cross-link types and sites in covalent insulin dimers induced by Fe2+ incubation or UV light stress.
we here demonstrate on two case studies of covalent insulin dimers, induced by Fe2+ incubation or ultraviolet (UV) light stress, that de novo characterization in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) workflows can identify cross-link types and sites
Top-down mass spectrometry workflows can identify cross-link types and sites in covalent insulin dimers induced by Fe2+ incubation or UV light stress.
we here demonstrate on two case studies of covalent insulin dimers, induced by Fe2+ incubation or ultraviolet (UV) light stress, that de novo characterization in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) workflows can identify cross-link types and sites
Top-down mass spectrometry workflows can identify cross-link types and sites in covalent insulin dimers induced by Fe2+ incubation or UV light stress.
we here demonstrate on two case studies of covalent insulin dimers, induced by Fe2+ incubation or ultraviolet (UV) light stress, that de novo characterization in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) workflows can identify cross-link types and sites
Top-down mass spectrometry workflows can identify cross-link types and sites in covalent insulin dimers induced by Fe2+ incubation or UV light stress.
we here demonstrate on two case studies of covalent insulin dimers, induced by Fe2+ incubation or ultraviolet (UV) light stress, that de novo characterization in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) workflows can identify cross-link types and sites
HCD, EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
Our results demonstrated that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
HCD, EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
Our results demonstrated that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
HCD, EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
Our results demonstrated that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
HCD, EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
Our results demonstrated that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
HCD, EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
Our results demonstrated that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
HCD, EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
Our results demonstrated that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
HCD, EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
Our results demonstrated that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
At the MS2 level, EThcD efficiently cleaved interchain disulfide bonds in insulin dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
On the MS2 level, electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) efficiently cleaved the interchain disulfide bonds in the dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
At the MS2 level, EThcD efficiently cleaved interchain disulfide bonds in insulin dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
On the MS2 level, electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) efficiently cleaved the interchain disulfide bonds in the dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
At the MS2 level, EThcD efficiently cleaved interchain disulfide bonds in insulin dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
On the MS2 level, electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) efficiently cleaved the interchain disulfide bonds in the dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
At the MS2 level, EThcD efficiently cleaved interchain disulfide bonds in insulin dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
On the MS2 level, electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) efficiently cleaved the interchain disulfide bonds in the dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
At the MS2 level, EThcD efficiently cleaved interchain disulfide bonds in insulin dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
On the MS2 level, electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) efficiently cleaved the interchain disulfide bonds in the dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
At the MS2 level, EThcD efficiently cleaved interchain disulfide bonds in insulin dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
On the MS2 level, electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) efficiently cleaved the interchain disulfide bonds in the dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
At the MS2 level, EThcD efficiently cleaved interchain disulfide bonds in insulin dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
On the MS2 level, electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) efficiently cleaved the interchain disulfide bonds in the dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
In the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2- linkage.
In the Fe2+-induced dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2-.
In the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2- linkage.
In the Fe2+-induced dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2-.
In the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2- linkage.
In the Fe2+-induced dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2-.
In the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2- linkage.
In the Fe2+-induced dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2-.
In the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2- linkage.
In the Fe2+-induced dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2-.
In the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2- linkage.
In the Fe2+-induced dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2-.
In the Fe2+-induced insulin dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2- linkage.
In the Fe2+-induced dimer, Phe1 from both B-chains were cross-linked through a -CH2-.
In the UV light-induced insulin dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain.
in the UV light-induced dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain
In the UV light-induced insulin dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain.
in the UV light-induced dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain
In the UV light-induced insulin dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain.
in the UV light-induced dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain
In the UV light-induced insulin dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain.
in the UV light-induced dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain
In the UV light-induced insulin dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain.
in the UV light-induced dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain
In the UV light-induced insulin dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain.
in the UV light-induced dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain
In the UV light-induced insulin dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain.
in the UV light-induced dimer, Tyr14 of the A-chain participated in an -O-S- cross-link in which the sulfur was derived either from Cys7 or Cys19 of the B-chain
Approval Evidence
1 source3 linked approval claimsfirst-pass slug electron-transfer-higher-energy-collision-dissociation
electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD)
Source:
method capabilitysupports
Combined EThcD and 213 nm UVPD facilitated identification of the chemical composition of cross-links in insulin dimers.
The combined utilization of EThcD and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) facilitated identification of the chemical composition of the cross-links.
Source:
method conclusionsupports
HCD, EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
Our results demonstrated that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), EThcD, and UVPD combined with MS3 were powerful tools for direct de novo characterization of cross-linked insulin dimers.
Source:
method observationsupports
At the MS2 level, EThcD efficiently cleaved interchain disulfide bonds in insulin dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
On the MS2 level, electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) efficiently cleaved the interchain disulfide bonds in the dimers to reveal cross-link connectivities between chains.
Source:
Comparisons
Source-backed strengths
The reported workflow could identify cross-link types and sites in covalent insulin dimers generated by two distinct stress conditions, indicating applicability across more than one dimer chemistry. Combined EThcD and 213 nm UVPD facilitated cross-link composition assignment, and MS3 of MS2 fragments cleaved at the cross-link or interchain disulfide bonds enabled residue-level interchain site identification for both dimers.
Source:
UVPD provided identification of cross-link sites in the Fe2+-induced dimer without MS3, while cross-link site identification with MS2 was not possible for the UV light-induced dimer.
Compared with electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy
electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation and electron-electron double resonance spectroscopy address a similar problem space.
Shared frame: same top-level item type; shared mechanisms: heterodimerization; same primary input modality: light
Relative tradeoffs: looks easier to implement in practice.
Compared with top-down mass spectrometry
electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation and top-down mass spectrometry address a similar problem space.
Shared frame: same top-level item type; shared mechanisms: heterodimerization, photocleavage; same primary input modality: light
Relative tradeoffs: looks easier to implement in practice.
Compared with ultraviolet photodissociation
electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation and ultraviolet photodissociation address a similar problem space.
Shared frame: same top-level item type; shared mechanisms: heterodimerization, ultraviolet photodissociation; same primary input modality: light
Relative tradeoffs: looks easier to implement in practice.
Ranked Citations
- 1.