Source 1review2020Theranostics
Toolkit/CRISPR/Cas9 system
CRISPR/Cas9 system
Also known as: Cas9, Cas9/CRISPER, Cas9 enzyme, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated protein 9, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins 9 system, CRISPER/Cas9, CRISPR, CRISPR-associated protein 9, CRISPR-Cas9, CRISPR/Cas9, SpCas9
Taxonomy: Mechanism Branch / Architecture. Workflows sit above the mechanism and technique branches rather than replacing them.
Summary
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a multi-component genome engineering platform derived from a bacterial defense system that uses Cas9 and guide RNA to manipulate genomic loci in living cells. It has been widely adopted for mutagenesis and genome research, with reported applications spanning basic biology, biotechnology, agriculture, medicine, epigenetic perturbation, and disease models.
Usefulness & Problems
Why this is useful
CRISPR/Cas9 is useful because it provides a convenient route for genome manipulation in living cells and supports precise gene editing in animal models and humans. The literature cited here also describes utility in cancer immunotherapy, target discovery, probing genetic-chemical interactions in tumor drug response, and opening new routes to epigenetic studies.
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The system provided a convenient tool for manipulating the genomes of living cells.
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already found application in biotechnology and agriculture
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Additionally, Cas9/CRISPER can also be used in cancer immunotherapeutic applications by engineering immune cells and oncolytic viruses.
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The CRISPER/Cas9 genome modifying approach has lately appeared as an effective cancer therapy method due to its high accuracy and efficiency.
Problem solved
This system addresses the need for a programmable method to edit or perturb specific genomic loci for gene knockout, disease modeling, and broader functional genome research. It also helps solve the problem of engineering cells or viruses for therapeutic investigation, including cancer-related applications, although important translational hurdles remain.
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The system provided a convenient tool for manipulating the genomes of living cells.
Source:
already found application in biotechnology and agriculture
Source:
Additionally, Cas9/CRISPER can also be used in cancer immunotherapeutic applications by engineering immune cells and oncolytic viruses.
Source:
The CRISPER/Cas9 genome modifying approach has lately appeared as an effective cancer therapy method due to its high accuracy and efficiency.
Problem links
enables targeted gene insertion or deletion as part of CRISPR-based genome modification
LiteratureIt supports targeted genome modification for potential treatment of genetic disorders and diseases.
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It supports targeted genome modification for potential treatment of genetic disorders and diseases.
enables targeted gene locus modification including knock-out, knock-in, and chromatin modification
LiteratureIt solves the problem of efficiently modifying targeted gene loci to study gene function and build disease animal models.
Source:
It solves the problem of efficiently modifying targeted gene loci to study gene function and build disease animal models.
provides a molecular tool modality relevant to studying or modulating plasticity
LiteratureIt is presented as part of the molecular-tool toolkit used to investigate or influence plasticity-related mechanisms.
Source:
It is presented as part of the molecular-tool toolkit used to investigate or influence plasticity-related mechanisms.
provides an efficient gene editing technology for Aspergillus research and engineering
LiteratureIt addresses the need for efficient gene editing technologies for functional genomics studies and cell factory development in Aspergillus.
Source:
It addresses the need for efficient gene editing technologies for functional genomics studies and cell factory development in Aspergillus.
Taxonomy & Function
Primary hierarchy
Mechanism Branch
Architecture: A composed arrangement of multiple parts that instantiates one or more mechanisms.
Mechanisms
programmable chromatin-loop engineeringrna-guided genome editingspatiotemporal control of gene editingspecificity modulation by guide rna modificationtargeted mutagenesisTranslation ControlTarget processes
editingrecombinationselectiontranscriptiontranslationImplementation Constraints
cofactor dependency: cofactor requirement unknownencoding mode: genetically encodedimplementation constraint: context specific validationimplementation constraint: multi component delivery burdenimplementation constraint: payload burdenoperating role: regulatorswitch architecture: multi component
This is a multi-component system requiring at least Cas9 and a guide RNA, and specificity can be modulated through guide RNA modification. The evidence base also points to switchable and spatiotemporally controlled Cas9 designs, protein engineering strategies, and physical transfection methods, but it does not specify a single construct architecture, PAM requirement, delivery vehicle, or cofactor requirement in the supplied material.
A major limitation is off-target activity, which can cause oncogenic mutations and restrict use in human medical genome editing. The evidence also states that important concerns and hurdles remain before clinical use in polygenic and complex cancer, and it does not provide quantitative performance metrics or a unified benchmark across implementations.
Validation
Cell-freeBacteriaMammalianMouseHumanTherapeuticIndep. Replication
Supporting Sources
Source 2primary paper2020Biology of Reproduction
Source 3review2016Annual Review of Biochemistry
Source 4review2020International Journal of Biological Sciences
Source 5primary paper2025MED
Source 6primary paper2025MED
Source 7review2018Stem Cells International
Source 8review2018International Journal of Genomics
Source 9review2017Briefings in Functional Genomics
Source 10review2021Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
Source 11review2017Current Opinion in Biotechnology
Source 12primary paper2016MED
Source 13primary paper2023Molecular Biology
Source 14primary paper2021International Journal of Environment Agriculture and Biotechnology
Source 15primary paper2017F1000Research
Ranked Claims
Recent genome engineering developments enable targeted manipulation of 3D chromatin architecture, specifically DNA loops, to illuminate causal links between genome structure and function.
Current programmable 3D genome engineering approaches are limited by efficiency, scalability, and specificity.
Engineered chromatin loops can rewire enhancer-promoter communication.
Cas9 has already received approval for treating sickle cell disease.
Engineered chromatin loop strategies leverage programmable DNA-binding platforms including zinc fingers, TALEs, and CRISPR-Cas9.
Cas9 is the most widely used enzyme within the CRISPR framework.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system provided a convenient tool for manipulating the genomes of living cells.
The system provided a convenient tool for manipulating the genomes of living cells.
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has found application in biotechnology and agriculture.
already found application in biotechnology and agriculture
Many studies aim to develop CRISPR/Cas9 variants with improved accuracy.
Many studies are therefore aimed at developing variants of the CRISPR/Cas9 system with improved accuracy.
Off-target activity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system can cause oncogenic mutations and limits its use for genome editing in human cells for medical purposes.
off-target activity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system can cause oncogenic mutations and thus limits its use for genome editing in human cells for medical purposes
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is originally intended to protect bacteria from foreign genetic elements.
is originally intended to protect bacteria from foreign genetic elements
Specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 can be modulated through guide RNA modifications.
possibilities to modulate their specificity through guide RNA modifications
CRISPR/Cas9 can be used in cancer immunotherapeutic applications by engineering immune cells and oncolytic viruses.
Additionally, Cas9/CRISPER can also be used in cancer immunotherapeutic applications by engineering immune cells and oncolytic viruses.
CRISPR/Cas9 can edit genes with great precision in animal models and humans.
Perhaps the most important therapeutic application of Cas9/CRISPER is its ability to edit genes with great precision both in animal models and humans.
This source reviews strategies for spatiotemporal control of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
CRISPR/Cas9 has clinical potential for discovering new targets for cancer treatment and for probing genetic-chemical interactions related to tumor drug response.
CRISPER/Cas9 has enormous clinical potential in discovering new targets for cancer treatment and also to dismember genetic-chemical interaction thus helping us to understand the response of tumor to the treatment by drugs.
CRISPR/Cas9 has appeared as an effective cancer therapy method due to high accuracy and efficiency.
The CRISPER/Cas9 genome modifying approach has lately appeared as an effective cancer therapy method due to its high accuracy and efficiency.
Important concerns and hurdles remain before CRISPR/Cas9 can be used in a clinical trial for polygenic and complex cancer.
some vital hurdles that are needed to overcome before it is used for a clinical trial for a polygenic and complex ailment like cancer
The mutagenic function of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely adopted for genome and disease research.
Recently, the mutagenic function of CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely adopted for genome and disease research.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is described as driving innovative applications from basic biology to biotechnology and medicine.
Derived from a remarkable microbial defense system, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins 9 system (CRISPR/Cas9 system) is driving innovative applications from basic biology to biotechnology and medicine.
Conventional delivery methods including viral transduction and chemical vectors can be limited for CRISPR component delivery by packaging size constraints and inefficiency in certain cell types.
the delivery of CRISPR components often suffers when using conventional transfection methods, such as viral transduction and chemical vectors, due to limited packaging size and inefficiency toward certain cell types
Conventional delivery methods including viral transduction and chemical vectors can be limited for CRISPR component delivery by packaging size constraints and inefficiency in certain cell types.
the delivery of CRISPR components often suffers when using conventional transfection methods, such as viral transduction and chemical vectors, due to limited packaging size and inefficiency toward certain cell types
Conventional delivery methods including viral transduction and chemical vectors can be limited for CRISPR component delivery by packaging size constraints and inefficiency in certain cell types.
the delivery of CRISPR components often suffers when using conventional transfection methods, such as viral transduction and chemical vectors, due to limited packaging size and inefficiency toward certain cell types
Conventional delivery methods including viral transduction and chemical vectors can be limited for CRISPR component delivery by packaging size constraints and inefficiency in certain cell types.
the delivery of CRISPR components often suffers when using conventional transfection methods, such as viral transduction and chemical vectors, due to limited packaging size and inefficiency toward certain cell types
Conventional delivery methods including viral transduction and chemical vectors can be limited for CRISPR component delivery by packaging size constraints and inefficiency in certain cell types.
the delivery of CRISPR components often suffers when using conventional transfection methods, such as viral transduction and chemical vectors, due to limited packaging size and inefficiency toward certain cell types
Conventional delivery methods including viral transduction and chemical vectors can be limited for CRISPR component delivery by packaging size constraints and inefficiency in certain cell types.
the delivery of CRISPR components often suffers when using conventional transfection methods, such as viral transduction and chemical vectors, due to limited packaging size and inefficiency toward certain cell types
Conventional delivery methods including viral transduction and chemical vectors can be limited for CRISPR component delivery by packaging size constraints and inefficiency in certain cell types.
the delivery of CRISPR components often suffers when using conventional transfection methods, such as viral transduction and chemical vectors, due to limited packaging size and inefficiency toward certain cell types
CRISPR has accelerated the application of gene editing.
The development of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) as a genome editing machinery has accelerated the application of gene editing.
The review covers the development and applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in liver diseases for research and translational applications, and highlights challenges and future avenues for innovation.
In this review, we describe the development and applications of CRISPR/Cas9 system on liver diseases for research or translational applications, while highlighting challenges as well as future avenues for innovation.
CRISPR-Cas9 has been used across applications including gene therapy, gene regulation, epigenome modification, and chromosome imaging.
CRISPR-Cas9 has been used in a wide variety of applications ranging from basic science to the clinic, such as gene therapy, gene regulation, modifying epigenomes, and imaging chromosomes.
The emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has provided new routes into the epigenetics field.
In recent years, the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has provided us with new routes to the epigenetic field.
These Cas9 limitations hinder the use of CRISPR for disease treatment and wider biotechnological applications.
These obstacles hinder the use of CRISPR for disease treatment and in wider biotechnological applications.
Cas9 can exhibit aberrant off-target activity.
(ii) aberrant off-target activity
Cas9 has a strict dependence on a protospacer-adjacent motif sequence.
some limitations have also been reported, for instance (i) a strict dependence on a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sequence
Cas9 lacks sufficient modulation of protein binding and endonuclease activity for precise spatiotemporal control.
(iv) lack of modulation of protein binding and endonuclease activity, which is crucial for precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression or genome editing
The large size of Cas9 creates problems for CRISPR delivery.
(iii) the large size of Cas9 is problematic for CRISPR delivery
The review emphasizes domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution as protein-engineering strategies for expanding SpCas9 versatility.
Here, recent protein-engineering approaches for expanding the versatility of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is reviewed, with an emphasis on studies that improve or develop novel protein functions through domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution.
The review emphasizes domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution as protein-engineering strategies for expanding SpCas9 versatility.
Here, recent protein-engineering approaches for expanding the versatility of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is reviewed, with an emphasis on studies that improve or develop novel protein functions through domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution.
The review emphasizes domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution as protein-engineering strategies for expanding SpCas9 versatility.
Here, recent protein-engineering approaches for expanding the versatility of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is reviewed, with an emphasis on studies that improve or develop novel protein functions through domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution.
The review emphasizes domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution as protein-engineering strategies for expanding SpCas9 versatility.
Here, recent protein-engineering approaches for expanding the versatility of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is reviewed, with an emphasis on studies that improve or develop novel protein functions through domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution.
The review emphasizes domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution as protein-engineering strategies for expanding SpCas9 versatility.
Here, recent protein-engineering approaches for expanding the versatility of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is reviewed, with an emphasis on studies that improve or develop novel protein functions through domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution.
The review emphasizes domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution as protein-engineering strategies for expanding SpCas9 versatility.
Here, recent protein-engineering approaches for expanding the versatility of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is reviewed, with an emphasis on studies that improve or develop novel protein functions through domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution.
The review emphasizes domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution as protein-engineering strategies for expanding SpCas9 versatility.
Here, recent protein-engineering approaches for expanding the versatility of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is reviewed, with an emphasis on studies that improve or develop novel protein functions through domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution.
The review covers CRISPR/Cas9-based epigenetic techniques including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
In this review, novel epigenetic techniques utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the main contents to be discussed, including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
The review covers CRISPR/Cas9-based epigenetic techniques including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
In this review, novel epigenetic techniques utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the main contents to be discussed, including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
The review covers CRISPR/Cas9-based epigenetic techniques including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
In this review, novel epigenetic techniques utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the main contents to be discussed, including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
The review covers CRISPR/Cas9-based epigenetic techniques including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
In this review, novel epigenetic techniques utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the main contents to be discussed, including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
The review covers CRISPR/Cas9-based epigenetic techniques including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
In this review, novel epigenetic techniques utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the main contents to be discussed, including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
The review covers CRISPR/Cas9-based epigenetic techniques including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
In this review, novel epigenetic techniques utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the main contents to be discussed, including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
The review covers CRISPR/Cas9-based epigenetic techniques including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
In this review, novel epigenetic techniques utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the main contents to be discussed, including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
Protein-engineering approaches are presented as solutions to overcome Cas9 limitations and generate more robust and efficient DNA manipulation tools.
Protein-engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome the limitations of Cas9 and generate robust and efficient tools for customized DNA manipulation.
Protein-engineering approaches are presented as solutions to overcome Cas9 limitations and generate more robust and efficient DNA manipulation tools.
Protein-engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome the limitations of Cas9 and generate robust and efficient tools for customized DNA manipulation.
Protein-engineering approaches are presented as solutions to overcome Cas9 limitations and generate more robust and efficient DNA manipulation tools.
Protein-engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome the limitations of Cas9 and generate robust and efficient tools for customized DNA manipulation.
Protein-engineering approaches are presented as solutions to overcome Cas9 limitations and generate more robust and efficient DNA manipulation tools.
Protein-engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome the limitations of Cas9 and generate robust and efficient tools for customized DNA manipulation.
Protein-engineering approaches are presented as solutions to overcome Cas9 limitations and generate more robust and efficient DNA manipulation tools.
Protein-engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome the limitations of Cas9 and generate robust and efficient tools for customized DNA manipulation.
Protein-engineering approaches are presented as solutions to overcome Cas9 limitations and generate more robust and efficient DNA manipulation tools.
Protein-engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome the limitations of Cas9 and generate robust and efficient tools for customized DNA manipulation.
Protein-engineering approaches are presented as solutions to overcome Cas9 limitations and generate more robust and efficient DNA manipulation tools.
Protein-engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome the limitations of Cas9 and generate robust and efficient tools for customized DNA manipulation.
Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 are described as providing methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Recent advances in genome editing tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases and the ... CRISPR/Cas9 system, have provided methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 are described as providing methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Recent advances in genome editing tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases and the ... CRISPR/Cas9 system, have provided methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 are described as providing methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Recent advances in genome editing tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases and the ... CRISPR/Cas9 system, have provided methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 are described as providing methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Recent advances in genome editing tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases and the ... CRISPR/Cas9 system, have provided methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 are described as providing methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Recent advances in genome editing tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases and the ... CRISPR/Cas9 system, have provided methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 are described as providing methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Recent advances in genome editing tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases and the ... CRISPR/Cas9 system, have provided methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 are described as providing methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Recent advances in genome editing tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases and the ... CRISPR/Cas9 system, have provided methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Membrane-permeable vivo-MOs are described as enabling gene knockdown at later developmental stages in sea urchin studies.
The modification of MOs into a membrane-permeable form (vivo-MOs) has allowed gene knockdown at later developmental stages.
Membrane-permeable vivo-MOs are described as enabling gene knockdown at later developmental stages in sea urchin studies.
The modification of MOs into a membrane-permeable form (vivo-MOs) has allowed gene knockdown at later developmental stages.
Membrane-permeable vivo-MOs are described as enabling gene knockdown at later developmental stages in sea urchin studies.
The modification of MOs into a membrane-permeable form (vivo-MOs) has allowed gene knockdown at later developmental stages.
Membrane-permeable vivo-MOs are described as enabling gene knockdown at later developmental stages in sea urchin studies.
The modification of MOs into a membrane-permeable form (vivo-MOs) has allowed gene knockdown at later developmental stages.
Membrane-permeable vivo-MOs are described as enabling gene knockdown at later developmental stages in sea urchin studies.
The modification of MOs into a membrane-permeable form (vivo-MOs) has allowed gene knockdown at later developmental stages.
Membrane-permeable vivo-MOs are described as enabling gene knockdown at later developmental stages in sea urchin studies.
The modification of MOs into a membrane-permeable form (vivo-MOs) has allowed gene knockdown at later developmental stages.
Membrane-permeable vivo-MOs are described as enabling gene knockdown at later developmental stages in sea urchin studies.
The modification of MOs into a membrane-permeable form (vivo-MOs) has allowed gene knockdown at later developmental stages.
This source is a review focused on switchable Cas9 systems.
The review covers the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since publication of the sea urchin genome in 2006 and discusses applications and potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in studying sea urchin development.
Here, we review the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since the publication of its genome in 2006. Various applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential in studying sea urchin development are also discussed.
The review covers the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since publication of the sea urchin genome in 2006 and discusses applications and potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in studying sea urchin development.
Here, we review the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since the publication of its genome in 2006. Various applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential in studying sea urchin development are also discussed.
The review covers the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since publication of the sea urchin genome in 2006 and discusses applications and potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in studying sea urchin development.
Here, we review the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since the publication of its genome in 2006. Various applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential in studying sea urchin development are also discussed.
The review covers the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since publication of the sea urchin genome in 2006 and discusses applications and potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in studying sea urchin development.
Here, we review the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since the publication of its genome in 2006. Various applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential in studying sea urchin development are also discussed.
The review covers the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since publication of the sea urchin genome in 2006 and discusses applications and potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in studying sea urchin development.
Here, we review the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since the publication of its genome in 2006. Various applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential in studying sea urchin development are also discussed.
The review covers the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since publication of the sea urchin genome in 2006 and discusses applications and potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in studying sea urchin development.
Here, we review the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since the publication of its genome in 2006. Various applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential in studying sea urchin development are also discussed.
The review covers the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since publication of the sea urchin genome in 2006 and discusses applications and potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in studying sea urchin development.
Here, we review the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since the publication of its genome in 2006. Various applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential in studying sea urchin development are also discussed.
AAV delivery vehicles and CRISPR components are associated with off-target effects, immunogenicity, and toxicity as challenges for therapeutic use.
potential strategies to overcome off-target effects, immunogenicity, and toxicity associated with CRISPR components and AAV delivery vehicles
AAV provides a suitable viral vector to package, deliver, and express CRISPR components for targeted gene editing.
AAV provides one of the most suitable viral vectors to package, deliver, and express CRISPR components for targeted gene editing.
Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide microinjection into the egg is described as the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Microinjection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into the egg is the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide microinjection into the egg is described as the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Microinjection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into the egg is the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide microinjection into the egg is described as the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Microinjection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into the egg is the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide microinjection into the egg is described as the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Microinjection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into the egg is the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide microinjection into the egg is described as the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Microinjection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into the egg is the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide microinjection into the egg is described as the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Microinjection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into the egg is the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide microinjection into the egg is described as the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
Microinjection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into the egg is the most widely used approach for gene knockdown in sea urchin embryos.
CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied in genetic breeding, disease treatment, and gene functional investigation.
It can be applied in a number of fields, such as genetic breeding, disease treatment and gene functional investigation.
CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied in genetic breeding, disease treatment, and gene functional investigation.
It can be applied in a number of fields, such as genetic breeding, disease treatment and gene functional investigation.
CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied in genetic breeding, disease treatment, and gene functional investigation.
It can be applied in a number of fields, such as genetic breeding, disease treatment and gene functional investigation.
CRISPR/Cas9 is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in, or chromatin modification of targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in or chromatin modification of the targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms.
CRISPR/Cas9 is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in, or chromatin modification of targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in or chromatin modification of the targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms.
CRISPR/Cas9 is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in, or chromatin modification of targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in or chromatin modification of the targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms.
Possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics are only beginning to be explored.
With all of these advances, we have just begun to explore the possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics.
Possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics are only beginning to be explored.
With all of these advances, we have just begun to explore the possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics.
Possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics are only beginning to be explored.
With all of these advances, we have just begun to explore the possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics.
Possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics are only beginning to be explored.
With all of these advances, we have just begun to explore the possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics.
Possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics are only beginning to be explored.
With all of these advances, we have just begun to explore the possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics.
Possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics are only beginning to be explored.
With all of these advances, we have just begun to explore the possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics.
Possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics are only beginning to be explored.
With all of these advances, we have just begun to explore the possible applications of Cas9 in biomedical research and therapeutics.
The review covers developments, applications, challenges, and future directions of Cas9 for generating disease animal models.
In this review, we introduce the most recent developments and applications, the challenges, and future directions of Cas9 in generating disease animal model.
The review covers developments, applications, challenges, and future directions of Cas9 for generating disease animal models.
In this review, we introduce the most recent developments and applications, the challenges, and future directions of Cas9 in generating disease animal model.
The review covers developments, applications, challenges, and future directions of Cas9 for generating disease animal models.
In this review, we introduce the most recent developments and applications, the challenges, and future directions of Cas9 in generating disease animal model.
Cas9 is described as a powerful tool for engineering the genome in diverse organisms.
The Cas9 protein ... is emerging as a powerful tool for engineering the genome in diverse organisms.
CRISPR/Cas9 has become a versatile genome editing tool.
The CRISPR-associated RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 has become a versatile genome editing tool.
CRISPR/Cas9 has become a versatile genome editing tool.
The CRISPR-associated RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 has become a versatile genome editing tool.
CRISPR/Cas9 has become a versatile genome editing tool.
The CRISPR-associated RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 has become a versatile genome editing tool.
Development of Cas9 as a tool made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier.
its development as a tool has made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier
Development of Cas9 as a tool made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier.
its development as a tool has made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier
Development of Cas9 as a tool made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier.
its development as a tool has made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier
Development of Cas9 as a tool made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier.
its development as a tool has made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier
Development of Cas9 as a tool made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier.
its development as a tool has made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier
Development of Cas9 as a tool made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier.
its development as a tool has made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier
Development of Cas9 as a tool made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier.
its development as a tool has made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier
Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease that can be reprogrammed to new target sites by changing the guide RNA sequence.
As an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, Cas9 can be easily programmed to target new sites by altering its guide RNA sequence
Approval Evidence
7 sources20 linked approval claimsfirst-pass slug crispr-cas9-system
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated protein (CRISPR-Cas9) system, as a newly developed and powerful genome editing tool, has demonstrated exceptional potential for precise genetic modifications in various Aspergillus species.
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The CRISPR/Cas9 system
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we generated Cib4 KO mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system
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Derived from a remarkable microbial defense system, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins 9 system (CRISPR/Cas9 system) is driving innovative applications from basic biology to biotechnology and medicine.
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In recent years, the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has provided us with new routes to the epigenetic field.
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Recent advances in genome editing tools, such as... the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system, have provided methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
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The CRISPR/Cas9 system is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in or chromatin modification of the targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms.
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applicationsupports
CRISPR-Cas9 in Aspergillus has pivotal roles in elucidating pathogenic mechanisms, disrupting mycotoxin biosynthesis, and metabolic engineering to enhance production of industrial enzymes, organic acids, and valuable natural products.
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application scopesupports
Advancement of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has enabled precise gene editing and modification in both pathogenic and industrial Aspergillus strains.
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capabilitysupports
CRISPR-Cas9 has demonstrated potential for precise genetic modifications in various Aspergillus species.
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applicationsupports
The CRISPR/Cas9 system provided a convenient tool for manipulating the genomes of living cells.
The system provided a convenient tool for manipulating the genomes of living cells.
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application scopesupports
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has found application in biotechnology and agriculture.
already found application in biotechnology and agriculture
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engineering goalsupports
Many studies aim to develop CRISPR/Cas9 variants with improved accuracy.
Many studies are therefore aimed at developing variants of the CRISPR/Cas9 system with improved accuracy.
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limitationsupports
Off-target activity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system can cause oncogenic mutations and limits its use for genome editing in human cells for medical purposes.
off-target activity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system can cause oncogenic mutations and thus limits its use for genome editing in human cells for medical purposes
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native functionsupports
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is originally intended to protect bacteria from foreign genetic elements.
is originally intended to protect bacteria from foreign genetic elements
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specificity modulation strategysupports
Specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 can be modulated through guide RNA modifications.
possibilities to modulate their specificity through guide RNA modifications
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adoption statementsupports
The mutagenic function of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely adopted for genome and disease research.
Recently, the mutagenic function of CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely adopted for genome and disease research.
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broad application statementsupports
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is described as driving innovative applications from basic biology to biotechnology and medicine.
Derived from a remarkable microbial defense system, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins 9 system (CRISPR/Cas9 system) is driving innovative applications from basic biology to biotechnology and medicine.
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review scope summarysupports
The review covers the development and applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in liver diseases for research and translational applications, and highlights challenges and future avenues for innovation.
In this review, we describe the development and applications of CRISPR/Cas9 system on liver diseases for research or translational applications, while highlighting challenges as well as future avenues for innovation.
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field impactsupports
The emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has provided new routes into the epigenetics field.
In recent years, the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has provided us with new routes to the epigenetic field.
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review scopesupports
The review covers CRISPR/Cas9-based epigenetic techniques including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
In this review, novel epigenetic techniques utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the main contents to be discussed, including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
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application scopesupports
Zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 are described as providing methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
Recent advances in genome editing tools, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases and the ... CRISPR/Cas9 system, have provided methods for gene knockout in sea urchins.
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review scope statementsupports
The review covers the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since publication of the sea urchin genome in 2006 and discusses applications and potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in studying sea urchin development.
Here, we review the use of vivo-MOs and genome editing tools in sea urchin studies since the publication of its genome in 2006. Various applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential in studying sea urchin development are also discussed.
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applicationsupports
CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied in genetic breeding, disease treatment, and gene functional investigation.
It can be applied in a number of fields, such as genetic breeding, disease treatment and gene functional investigation.
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applicationsupports
CRISPR/Cas9 is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in, or chromatin modification of targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is useful for studying gene function through efficient knock-out, knock-in or chromatin modification of the targeted gene loci in various cell types and organisms.
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application scopeneutral
The review covers developments, applications, challenges, and future directions of Cas9 for generating disease animal models.
In this review, we introduce the most recent developments and applications, the challenges, and future directions of Cas9 in generating disease animal model.
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capabilitysupports
CRISPR/Cas9 has become a versatile genome editing tool.
The CRISPR-associated RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 has become a versatile genome editing tool.
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Comparisons
Source-stated alternatives
The article states it will explore various enzymes available in the CRISPR system and alternative gene therapy methods, but the abstract does not name them.; The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.; No alternative genome editing systems are explicitly named in the provided abstract.
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The article states it will explore various enzymes available in the CRISPR system and alternative gene therapy methods, but the abstract does not name them.
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The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.
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No alternative genome editing systems are explicitly named in the provided abstract.
Source-backed strengths
The supplied evidence describes CRISPR/Cas9 as precise, accurate, and efficient for gene editing, and as broadly adopted across genome and disease research. Validation examples in the evidence include knockout generation in mice and gene knockout applications in sea urchins, alongside broad use statements covering biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine.
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Many studies are therefore aimed at developing variants of the CRISPR/Cas9 system with improved accuracy.
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its development as a tool has made sequence-specific gene editing several magnitudes easier
Compared with CRISPR/Cas9
The article states it will explore various enzymes available in the CRISPR system and alternative gene therapy methods, but the abstract does not name them.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a powerful genome editing tool; supports precise genetic modifications across various Aspergillus species; applies to both pathogenic and industrial Aspergillus strains.
Relative tradeoffs: future challenges and opportunities remain for industrial biotechnology applications; the abstract does not specify a particular CRISPR construct, protocol, or disease-specific implementation; the review discusses challenges and future directions, but the abstract does not specify them.
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The article states it will explore various enzymes available in the CRISPR system and alternative gene therapy methods, but the abstract does not name them.
Compared with gene therapy
The article states it will explore various enzymes available in the CRISPR system and alternative gene therapy methods, but the abstract does not name them.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a powerful genome editing tool; supports precise genetic modifications across various Aspergillus species; applies to both pathogenic and industrial Aspergillus strains.
Relative tradeoffs: future challenges and opportunities remain for industrial biotechnology applications; the abstract does not specify a particular CRISPR construct, protocol, or disease-specific implementation; the review discusses challenges and future directions, but the abstract does not specify them.
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The article states it will explore various enzymes available in the CRISPR system and alternative gene therapy methods, but the abstract does not name them.
Compared with imaging
The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a powerful genome editing tool; supports precise genetic modifications across various Aspergillus species; applies to both pathogenic and industrial Aspergillus strains.
Relative tradeoffs: future challenges and opportunities remain for industrial biotechnology applications; the abstract does not specify a particular CRISPR construct, protocol, or disease-specific implementation; the review discusses challenges and future directions, but the abstract does not specify them.
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The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.
Compared with imaging surveillance
The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a powerful genome editing tool; supports precise genetic modifications across various Aspergillus species; applies to both pathogenic and industrial Aspergillus strains.
Relative tradeoffs: future challenges and opportunities remain for industrial biotechnology applications; the abstract does not specify a particular CRISPR construct, protocol, or disease-specific implementation; the review discusses challenges and future directions, but the abstract does not specify them.
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The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.
Compared with optogenetic functional interrogation
The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a powerful genome editing tool; supports precise genetic modifications across various Aspergillus species; applies to both pathogenic and industrial Aspergillus strains.
Relative tradeoffs: future challenges and opportunities remain for industrial biotechnology applications; the abstract does not specify a particular CRISPR construct, protocol, or disease-specific implementation; the review discusses challenges and future directions, but the abstract does not specify them.
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The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.
Compared with optogenetic membrane potential perturbation
The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a powerful genome editing tool; supports precise genetic modifications across various Aspergillus species; applies to both pathogenic and industrial Aspergillus strains.
Relative tradeoffs: future challenges and opportunities remain for industrial biotechnology applications; the abstract does not specify a particular CRISPR construct, protocol, or disease-specific implementation; the review discusses challenges and future directions, but the abstract does not specify them.
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The abstract mentions optogenetics and advanced imaging techniques as other tool modalities relevant to the same broad goal.
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