Source 1review2026MED
Toolkit/extracellular vesicles
extracellular vesicles
Also known as: EVs, extracellular microvesicles, extracellular vesicle, extracellular-vesicle-based therapies, vesicle-based drug delivery systems
Taxonomy: Mechanism Branch / Architecture. Workflows sit above the mechanism and technique branches rather than replacing them.
Summary
Various CRISPR delivery systems, including viral vectors, nanocarriers, and extracellular vesicles, play crucial roles in the effective access of this tool to neural cells.
Usefulness & Problems
Why this is useful
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound particles that transfer nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids between donor and recipient cells through membrane fusion, endocytosis, or receptor-ligand interactions. The review frames them as emerging targeted drug delivery systems in lung disease contexts.; drug delivery; targeted drug delivery systems; intercellular cargo transfer; Extracellular vesicles are described as CRISPR delivery systems that can help the tool access neural cells. The review also links cell communication and organelle transfer themes to neuroprotection, making EV-related delivery contextually relevant.; delivering CRISPR systems to neural cells; EVs are described as a nanovesicle platform for hepatic delivery of therapeutic molecules. The abstract emphasizes their biocompatibility and innate targeting to hepatic cells.; hepatic drug delivery; hepatic gene delivery; Extracellular vesicles are listed as a biological multifunctional vesicle class used in cancer treatment. The abstract includes them among nanocarriers that can enhance delivery and efficacy of anticancer agents.; cancer treatment; targeted drug delivery; Extracellular vesicles are presented as biologically derived drug carriers for therapeutic delivery. The review frames them as a next-generation delivery platform with distinctive properties compared with synthetic carriers.; carrier design for therapeutic payloads; vesicle-based delivery system development; Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived membranous particles discussed here as natural vehicles for carrying therapeutic cargo. The review frames them as drug delivery systems with features that can be exploited for loading and targeting.; targeted delivery; natural carrier-based cargo transport; Extracellular vesicles are described as intercellular signaling particles that can transfer proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs. The review highlights them as a communication route among brain cells and as a possible therapeutic delivery format.; intercellular signaling cargo transfer; potential biomarker and disease monitoring approaches; potential drug delivery vehicles
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Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound particles that transfer nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids between donor and recipient cells through membrane fusion, endocytosis, or receptor-ligand interactions. The review frames them as emerging targeted drug delivery systems in lung disease contexts.
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drug delivery
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targeted drug delivery systems
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intercellular cargo transfer
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Extracellular vesicles are described as CRISPR delivery systems that can help the tool access neural cells. The review also links cell communication and organelle transfer themes to neuroprotection, making EV-related delivery contextually relevant.
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delivering CRISPR systems to neural cells
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EVs are described as a nanovesicle platform for hepatic delivery of therapeutic molecules. The abstract emphasizes their biocompatibility and innate targeting to hepatic cells.
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hepatic drug delivery
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hepatic gene delivery
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Extracellular vesicles are listed as a biological multifunctional vesicle class used in cancer treatment. The abstract includes them among nanocarriers that can enhance delivery and efficacy of anticancer agents.
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cancer treatment
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targeted drug delivery
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Extracellular vesicles are presented as biologically derived drug carriers for therapeutic delivery. The review frames them as a next-generation delivery platform with distinctive properties compared with synthetic carriers.
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drug delivery
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carrier design for therapeutic payloads
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vesicle-based delivery system development
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Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived membranous particles discussed here as natural vehicles for carrying therapeutic cargo. The review frames them as drug delivery systems with features that can be exploited for loading and targeting.
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drug delivery
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targeted delivery
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natural carrier-based cargo transport
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Extracellular vesicles are described as intercellular signaling particles that can transfer proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs. The review highlights them as a communication route among brain cells and as a possible therapeutic delivery format.
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intercellular signaling cargo transfer
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potential biomarker and disease monitoring approaches
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potential drug delivery vehicles
Problem solved
The source presents EVs as a way to deliver cargo biomolecules with low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility. It also highlights their potential for targeted delivery in lung diseases.; providing a potentially low-immunogenic and biocompatible delivery vector; They are presented as a delivery option for overcoming access barriers to neural cells in ischemic stroke applications.; supports access of CRISPR tools to neural cells; They are proposed as a targeted delivery approach that may improve precision and reduce off-target effects in liver disease therapy.; improving therapeutic precision in liver disease delivery; reducing off-target effects relative to conventional treatments; The abstract supports their use for targeted drug delivery with reduced side effects and improved drug stability.; delivery of anticancer agents; They address the need for drug delivery vehicles and may offer advantages over conventional synthetic carriers. The review positions them as opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery.; providing a biologically derived carrier platform for drug delivery; The review presents EVs as a way to exploit natural carrier systems for drug delivery. This is positioned as an alternative where synthetic systems can be limited by inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and immunogenicity.; providing a natural carrier system for therapeutic delivery; addressing limitations of some synthetic drug delivery systems; They may enable biomarker readout, disease monitoring, and cargo delivery across cell-cell communication pathways relevant to neuroinflammation and depression.; can carry proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs between cells; may provide a vehicle for therapeutic delivery in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders
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The source presents EVs as a way to deliver cargo biomolecules with low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility. It also highlights their potential for targeted delivery in lung diseases.
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providing a potentially low-immunogenic and biocompatible delivery vector
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They are presented as a delivery option for overcoming access barriers to neural cells in ischemic stroke applications.
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supports access of CRISPR tools to neural cells
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They are proposed as a targeted delivery approach that may improve precision and reduce off-target effects in liver disease therapy.
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improving therapeutic precision in liver disease delivery
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reducing off-target effects relative to conventional treatments
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The abstract supports their use for targeted drug delivery with reduced side effects and improved drug stability.
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delivery of anticancer agents
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They address the need for drug delivery vehicles and may offer advantages over conventional synthetic carriers. The review positions them as opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery.
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providing a biologically derived carrier platform for drug delivery
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The review presents EVs as a way to exploit natural carrier systems for drug delivery. This is positioned as an alternative where synthetic systems can be limited by inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and immunogenicity.
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providing a natural carrier system for therapeutic delivery
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addressing limitations of some synthetic drug delivery systems
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They may enable biomarker readout, disease monitoring, and cargo delivery across cell-cell communication pathways relevant to neuroinflammation and depression.
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can carry proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs between cells
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may provide a vehicle for therapeutic delivery in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders
Problem links
addressing limitations of some synthetic drug delivery systems
LiteratureThe review presents EVs as a way to exploit natural carrier systems for drug delivery. This is positioned as an alternative where synthetic systems can be limited by inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and immunogenicity.
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The review presents EVs as a way to exploit natural carrier systems for drug delivery. This is positioned as an alternative where synthetic systems can be limited by inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and immunogenicity.
can carry proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs between cells
LiteratureThey may enable biomarker readout, disease monitoring, and cargo delivery across cell-cell communication pathways relevant to neuroinflammation and depression.
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They may enable biomarker readout, disease monitoring, and cargo delivery across cell-cell communication pathways relevant to neuroinflammation and depression.
delivery of anticancer agents
LiteratureThe abstract supports their use for targeted drug delivery with reduced side effects and improved drug stability.
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The abstract supports their use for targeted drug delivery with reduced side effects and improved drug stability.
improving therapeutic precision in liver disease delivery
LiteratureThey are proposed as a targeted delivery approach that may improve precision and reduce off-target effects in liver disease therapy.
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They are proposed as a targeted delivery approach that may improve precision and reduce off-target effects in liver disease therapy.
may provide a vehicle for therapeutic delivery in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders
LiteratureThey may enable biomarker readout, disease monitoring, and cargo delivery across cell-cell communication pathways relevant to neuroinflammation and depression.
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They may enable biomarker readout, disease monitoring, and cargo delivery across cell-cell communication pathways relevant to neuroinflammation and depression.
providing a biologically derived carrier platform for drug delivery
LiteratureThey address the need for drug delivery vehicles and may offer advantages over conventional synthetic carriers. The review positions them as opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery.
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They address the need for drug delivery vehicles and may offer advantages over conventional synthetic carriers. The review positions them as opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery.
providing a natural carrier system for therapeutic delivery
LiteratureThe review presents EVs as a way to exploit natural carrier systems for drug delivery. This is positioned as an alternative where synthetic systems can be limited by inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and immunogenicity.
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The review presents EVs as a way to exploit natural carrier systems for drug delivery. This is positioned as an alternative where synthetic systems can be limited by inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and immunogenicity.
providing a potentially low-immunogenic and biocompatible delivery vector
LiteratureThe source presents EVs as a way to deliver cargo biomolecules with low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility. It also highlights their potential for targeted delivery in lung diseases.
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The source presents EVs as a way to deliver cargo biomolecules with low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility. It also highlights their potential for targeted delivery in lung diseases.
reducing off-target effects relative to conventional treatments
LiteratureThey are proposed as a targeted delivery approach that may improve precision and reduce off-target effects in liver disease therapy.
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They are proposed as a targeted delivery approach that may improve precision and reduce off-target effects in liver disease therapy.
supports access of CRISPR tools to neural cells
LiteratureThey are presented as a delivery option for overcoming access barriers to neural cells in ischemic stroke applications.
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They are presented as a delivery option for overcoming access barriers to neural cells in ischemic stroke applications.
Published Workflows
Objective: To investigate whether circulating plasma EV characteristics, alone or combined with clinical and anthropomorphic variables, can support non-invasive MASLD steatosis staging using machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence.
Why it works: The workflow pairs non-invasive EV measurements with steatosis/fibrosis staging labels and then uses ML and XAI to learn and interpret relationships between EV and clinical features and steatosis stage.
use EV mean size and concentration as predictive biomarker featurescapture non-linear relationships between disease features and steatosis stagesnanoparticle tracking analysistransient elastography stagingmachine learning model developmentcross-validationexplainable artificial intelligenceSHAP analysis
Stages
- 1.Patient enrollment and eligibility completion(selection)
This stage defines the final analyzable cohort before measurement and modeling.
Selection: Patients with metabolic dysfunction were enrolled, then eligibility criteria and study procedure completion determined the analyzed cohort.
- 2.Non-invasive staging and EV feature acquisition(functional_characterization)
This stage generates the input labels and biomarker features required for downstream ML modeling.
Selection: Obtain steatosis/fibrosis stage labels by transient elastography and EV size/concentration features by nanoparticle tracking.
- 3.Machine learning model development(broad_screen)
This stage explores multiple model/task configurations to identify useful EV-based and multimodal classifiers.
Selection: Develop six models for S0 versus S1-S3 and fourteen models for severe steatosis identification using different feature sets.
- 4.Performance assessment and interpretability analysis(confirmatory_validation)
This stage identifies the best-performing models and explains feature-stage relationships.
Selection: Assess models using ROC-AUC, specificity, sensitivity, correlation analysis, and XAI/SHAP.
Steps
- 1.Enroll patients with metabolic dysfunction
Assemble the initial study population for MASLD-related biomarker analysis.
Enrollment is required before eligibility filtering and study measurements can occur.
- 2.Apply eligibility criteria and complete study procedures
Define the final analyzable cohort with complete data collection.
Eligibility and completion filtering narrows the cohort before feature acquisition and modeling.
- 3.Stage steatosis and fibrosis by transient elastographystaging assay
Generate steatosis and fibrosis stage information for the classification tasks.
Stage labels are needed before supervised model development.
- 4.Measure circulating plasma EV characteristics by nanoparticle trackingEV characterization assay
Generate EV size and concentration features for model input.
Feature acquisition follows cohort definition and provides the biomarker variables used in modeling.
- 5.Develop EV-only and multimodal ML models for steatosis tasksclassification models
Train models to distinguish S0 from S1-S3 and to identify severe steatosis.
Model development requires both stage labels and feature inputs from the prior measurement stage.
- 6.Evaluate model performance by repeated cross-validation
Estimate predictive performance using ROC-AUC, specificity, and sensitivity.
Performance evaluation follows model training to identify the strongest classifiers.
- 7.Interpret feature relationships using correlation analysis and SHAP/XAIinterpretability method
Explain how EV and other features relate to steatosis stages and model predictions.
Interpretability analysis is performed after model development so feature contributions can be examined on trained models.
Objective: Evaluate the promise and comparative potential of lipid nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, and liposomes for hepatic drug or gene delivery in liver disease therapy.
Why it works: The review uses a systematic search and comparative analysis across preclinical and clinical studies to assess vesicle composition, targeting efficiency, payload capacity, therapeutic outcomes, and limitations across three nanovesicle platforms.
targeted hepatic deliveryreduction of off-target effectssystematic search of peer-reviewed studiescomparative analysis of preclinical and clinical research
Stages
- 1.systematic search of peer-reviewed studies(broad_screen)
This stage identifies the body of literature relevant to hepatic drug or gene delivery using the three nanovesicle platforms under review.
Selection: peer-reviewed studies in electronic databases focused on preclinical and clinical research investigating LNPs, EVs, and liposomes for hepatic drug or gene delivery
- 2.comparative analysis of included studies(secondary_characterization)
This stage compares the included nanovesicle platforms on delivery-relevant and translationally relevant properties.
Selection: analysis of vesicle composition, targeting efficiency, payload capacity, therapeutic outcomes, and reported limitations
Objective: Develop extracellular-vesicle-based drug delivery systems that can realize the platform's therapeutic potential while addressing translation bottlenecks.
Why it works: The review frames EV development as requiring coordinated design and development steps rather than relying on carrier identity alone. It highlights loading, characterization, and manufacturing as critical to realizing EV potential as drug carriers.
loading methodsin-depth characterizationlarge-scale manufacturing
Stages
- 1.cargo loading method development(library_design)
The abstract identifies loading methods as a critical design and development step for utilizing extracellular vesicles as drug carriers.
Selection: Establish loading methods for extracellular vesicle drug carriers.
- 2.in-depth characterization(functional_characterization)
The abstract identifies in-depth characterization as a critical development step for EV drug carriers.
Selection: Characterize extracellular vesicle preparations in depth.
- 3.large-scale manufacturing(decision_gate)
The abstract identifies large-scale manufacturing as a critical development step and separately notes that clinical translation remains challenging.
Selection: Assess or develop large-scale manufacturing capability for extracellular-vesicle-based drug carriers.
Objective: Document specific extracellular vesicle-associated functional activities with sufficient reporting and characterization rigor.
Why it works: The abstract states that specific EV functions should not be assigned from crude, potentially contaminated, heterogeneous preparations alone, and that MISEV2018 provides protocols, steps, and a checklist to document EV-associated functional activities.
distinguishing EV-associated functions from effects attributable to crude, contaminated, or heterogeneous preparationssuggested protocolsstepwise documentationchecklist-based reporting
Taxonomy & Function
Primary hierarchy
Mechanism Branch
Architecture: A delivery strategy grouped with the mechanism branch because it determines how a system is instantiated and deployed in context.
Mechanisms
endocytosisintercellular cargo transfermembrane fusionreceptor-ligand interactionsTranslation ControlTechniques
Computational DesignTarget processes
editingmanufacturingrecombinationsignalingtranslationInput: Chemical
Implementation Constraints
cofactor dependency: cofactor requirement unknownencoding mode: externally suppliedimplementation constraint: context specific validationimplementation constraint: payload burdenoperating role: delivery
Use of EVs as delivery vectors depends on donor cells that release them and on their cargo biomolecules. The abstract also implies recipient-cell uptake mechanisms such as membrane fusion, endocytosis, or receptor-ligand interactions.; clinical translation remains under evaluation in clinical trials; Their use requires a CRISPR cargo and a vesicle-based delivery setup capable of reaching neural cells. The abstract does not specify engineering details for vesicle loading or targeting.; must achieve targeted and safe delivery in neural tissue; The abstract indicates that production and standardization are important practical requirements for EV use at scale.; large-scale production remains challenging; standardization remains challenging; The abstract indicates that effective use requires suitable loading methods, in-depth characterization, and large-scale manufacturing. These are presented as critical development steps for using EVs as drug carriers.; requires attention to loading methods; requires in-depth characterization; requires large-scale manufacturing capability; Using EVs as a delivery system requires methods to obtain or work with EVs and strategies for drug loading and targeted delivery. The abstract does not specify particular isolation, loading, or targeting protocols.; requires understanding of EV features relevant for delivery; requires strategies for drug loading; requires strategies for targeted delivery; Use of EVs as tools would require obtaining and characterizing vesicles and their cargo. The abstract specifically points to autologous exosome-based delivery systems for therapeutic use.; requires extracellular vesicle isolation and characterization; therapeutic framing in the abstract specifically mentions autologous exosome-based delivery systems
The abstract does not support that EVs are already approved therapeutic products, and explicitly states that EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities.; EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; The abstract does not establish that extracellular vesicles fully solve targeting or safety limitations. It also does not provide stroke-specific comparative advantages over viral vectors or nanocarriers.; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; The abstract notes that EVs still face unresolved manufacturing-scale and standardization barriers.; challenges in large-scale production; challenges in standardization; The abstract states that vesicle platforms still face stability issues, manufacturing complexity, and toxicity concerns.; stability issues; manufacturing complexity; toxicity concerns; The abstract explicitly states that clinical translation of extracellular-vesicle-based therapies remains challenging. It does not claim that EVs by themselves overcome manufacturing and characterization bottlenecks.; clinical translation remains challenging; The abstract does not show that EVs fully overcome all delivery challenges or specify which bottlenecks remain. It also does not provide subtype-specific or application-specific performance boundaries.; specific implementation limitations are not detailed in the abstract; The abstract does not establish a validated clinical EV therapy or biomarker workflow, only their potentialities.; the abstract presents therapeutic and biomarker use as potential rather than established
Validation
Cell-freeBacteriaMammalianMouseHumanTherapeuticIndep. Replication
Supporting Sources
Source 2review2021Nature Nanotechnology
Source 3review2020Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
Source 4primary paper2025MED
Source 5review2015Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
Source 6primary paper2025MED
Source 7primary paper2026MED
Ranked Claims
Extracellular vesicles are being actively explored as noninvasive biomarkers for many diseases including lung diseases.
Therefore, EVs are being actively explored as noninvasive biomarkers for many diseases, including lung diseases.
Extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transferring cargo biomolecules from donor cells to recipient cells through membrane fusion, endocytosis, or receptor-ligand interactions.
EVs are key mediators of intercellular communication through the transfer of their cargo biomolecules from EV-releasing donor cells to recipient (target) cells through membrane fusion, endocytosis or receptor-ligand interactions.
Extracellular vesicles are positioned as novel drug delivery vectors because of low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and unique cargo compositions.
This intercellular communication between the cells positions EVs as novel drug delivery vectors because of their low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility and unique cargo compositions.
Viral vectors, nanocarriers, and extracellular vesicles are described as important CRISPR delivery systems for achieving access to neural cells.
Various CRISPR delivery systems, including viral vectors, nanocarriers, and extracellular vesicles, play crucial roles in the effective access of this tool to neural cells.
Extracellular vesicles carry nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and are recognized as functional cellular components rather than merely waste disposal organelles.
EVs are now recognised as functional cellular components because they carry a variety of cargo biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids.
Targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge for CRISPR-based therapy in ischemic stroke.
Despite persistent challenges in targeted and safe delivery, substantial preclinical advances, primarily in rodent models, underscore the potential for CRISPR-based therapies to transform future stroke treatment.
Reviewed studies report that CRISPR-Cas9 modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell-death pathways can prevent neuronal damage and improve neurological function in ischemic stroke contexts.
Studies have shown that the use of CRISPR-Cas9 to modulate key pathogenic pathways, including those governing inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death, can prevent neuronal damage and improve neurological function.
EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities, although numerous clinical trials are evaluating them as therapeutics or delivery systems.
While EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities, numerous clinical trials are evaluating their use either as therapeutics or as delivery systems.
Multifunctional vesicles in cancer treatment offer targeted drug delivery, reduced side effects, and improved drug stability.
highlighting the advantages they offer, such as targeted drug delivery, reduced side effects, and improved drug stability
Multifunctional vesicles used in cancer treatment include liposomes, polymersomes, extracellular vesicles, and hybrid vesicles.
This paper explores the various types of multifunctional vesicles utilized in cancer treatment, including non-biological vesicles such as liposomes and polymersomes, biological vesicles like extracellular vesicles (EVs), and hybrid vesicles that combine the benefits of both.
Multifunctional vesicles have potential pitfalls including stability issues, manufacturing complexity, and toxicity concerns.
we discuss the potential pitfalls associated with these vesicles, including stability issues, manufacturing complexity, and toxicity concerns
LNPs demonstrate strong efficiency in nucleic acid encapsulation and delivery and are supported by growing clinical translation.
The analysis indicates that LNPs demonstrate strong efficiency in nucleic acid encapsulation and delivery, supported by growing clinical translation.
EVs show promising biocompatibility and innate targeting to hepatic cells but face challenges in large-scale production and standardization.
EVs show promising biocompatibility and innate targeting to hepatic cells but face challenges in large-scale production and standardization.
Liposomes are versatile and well-characterized platforms capable of carrying diverse therapeutic molecules, though rapid clearance can limit their efficacy.
Liposomes remain versatile and well-characterized platforms capable of carrying diverse therapeutic molecules, though rapid clearance can limit their efficacy.
The review states that extracellular vesicles have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers for drug delivery.
Various studies suggest that extracellular vesicles have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers, opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery.
The review compares the prospects of extracellular vesicles with those of well established liposomes.
We compare the prospects of extracellular vesicles with those of the well established liposomes.
Using extracellular vesicles to their full potential as drug carriers requires attention to loading methods, in-depth characterization, and large-scale manufacturing.
Here, we discuss the uniqueness of extracellular vesicles along with critical design and development steps required to utilize their full potential as drug carriers, including loading methods, in-depth characterization and large-scale manufacturing.
Clinical translation of extracellular-vesicle-based therapies remains challenging.
Despite extensive research, clinical translation of extracellular-vesicle-based therapies remains challenging.
Synthetic drug delivery systems have limited applications due to inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and/or immunogenicity.
However, applications of such systems are limited due to inefficiency, cytotoxicity and/or immunogenicity.
The review highlights emerging strategies that exploit EV features for drug loading and targeted delivery.
Here, we review unique EV features that are relevant for drug delivery and highlight emerging strategies to make use of those features for drug loading and targeted delivery.
Extracellular vesicles are prominent natural carriers with characteristics that qualify them as promising vehicles for drug delivery.
One of the most prominent examples of such natural carriers are extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs possess a number of characteristics that qualify them as promising vehicles for drug delivery.
Extracellular vesicles are presented as potential biomarkers and disease monitoring approaches in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
Specific reference will be made to EVs as potential biomarkers and disease monitoring approaches.
Exosome transfer to neurons is mediated by oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes and may be supportive or may disseminate disease.
Transfer of exosomes to neurons was shown to be mediated by oligodendrocytes, microglia and astrocytes that may either be supportive to neurons, or instead disseminate the disease.
Extracellular vesicles are key players in intercellular signaling and may carry proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs.
Evidence is accumulating that secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), comprising ectosomes and exosomes with a size ranging from 0.1-1 μm, are key players in intercellular signaling. These EVs may carry specific proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs).
Approval Evidence
7 sources20 linked approval claimsfirst-pass slug extracellular-vesicles
Various CRISPR delivery systems, including viral vectors, nanocarriers, and extracellular vesicles, play crucial roles in the effective access of this tool to neural cells.
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This intercellular communication between the cells positions EVs as novel drug delivery vectors because of their low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility and unique cargo compositions.
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biological vesicles like extracellular vesicles (EVs)
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This review aims to evaluate the promise and comparative potential of three key nanovesicle platforms-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), extracellular vesicles (EVs) and liposomes-for drug and gene delivery in liver disease therapy.
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Various studies suggest that extracellular vesicles have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers, opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery. Here, we discuss the uniqueness of extracellular vesicles along with critical design and development steps required to utilize their full potential as drug carriers.
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One of the most prominent examples of such natural carriers are extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are cell-derived membranous particles which play important roles in intercellular communication. EVs possess a number of characteristics that qualify them as promising vehicles for drug delivery.
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Evidence is accumulating that secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), comprising ectosomes and exosomes with a size ranging from 0.1-1 μm, are key players in intercellular signaling... Specific reference will be made to EVs as potential biomarkers and disease monitoring approaches, focusing on their potentialities as drug delivery vehicles.
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biomarker potentialsupports
Extracellular vesicles are being actively explored as noninvasive biomarkers for many diseases including lung diseases.
Therefore, EVs are being actively explored as noninvasive biomarkers for many diseases, including lung diseases.
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delivery mechanismsupports
Extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transferring cargo biomolecules from donor cells to recipient cells through membrane fusion, endocytosis, or receptor-ligand interactions.
EVs are key mediators of intercellular communication through the transfer of their cargo biomolecules from EV-releasing donor cells to recipient (target) cells through membrane fusion, endocytosis or receptor-ligand interactions.
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delivery potentialsupports
Extracellular vesicles are positioned as novel drug delivery vectors because of low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and unique cargo compositions.
This intercellular communication between the cells positions EVs as novel drug delivery vectors because of their low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility and unique cargo compositions.
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delivery requirementsupports
Viral vectors, nanocarriers, and extracellular vesicles are described as important CRISPR delivery systems for achieving access to neural cells.
Various CRISPR delivery systems, including viral vectors, nanocarriers, and extracellular vesicles, play crucial roles in the effective access of this tool to neural cells.
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functional rolesupports
Extracellular vesicles carry nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and are recognized as functional cellular components rather than merely waste disposal organelles.
EVs are now recognised as functional cellular components because they carry a variety of cargo biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids.
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limitationsupports
Targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge for CRISPR-based therapy in ischemic stroke.
Despite persistent challenges in targeted and safe delivery, substantial preclinical advances, primarily in rodent models, underscore the potential for CRISPR-based therapies to transform future stroke treatment.
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regulatory statussupports
EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities, although numerous clinical trials are evaluating them as therapeutics or delivery systems.
While EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities, numerous clinical trials are evaluating their use either as therapeutics or as delivery systems.
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advantagesupports
Multifunctional vesicles in cancer treatment offer targeted drug delivery, reduced side effects, and improved drug stability.
highlighting the advantages they offer, such as targeted drug delivery, reduced side effects, and improved drug stability
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application scopesupports
Multifunctional vesicles used in cancer treatment include liposomes, polymersomes, extracellular vesicles, and hybrid vesicles.
This paper explores the various types of multifunctional vesicles utilized in cancer treatment, including non-biological vesicles such as liposomes and polymersomes, biological vesicles like extracellular vesicles (EVs), and hybrid vesicles that combine the benefits of both.
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limitationsupports
Multifunctional vesicles have potential pitfalls including stability issues, manufacturing complexity, and toxicity concerns.
we discuss the potential pitfalls associated with these vesicles, including stability issues, manufacturing complexity, and toxicity concerns
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platform strength and limitationmixed
EVs show promising biocompatibility and innate targeting to hepatic cells but face challenges in large-scale production and standardization.
EVs show promising biocompatibility and innate targeting to hepatic cells but face challenges in large-scale production and standardization.
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comparative advantagesupports
The review states that extracellular vesicles have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers for drug delivery.
Various studies suggest that extracellular vesicles have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers, opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery.
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comparison scopeneutral
The review compares the prospects of extracellular vesicles with those of well established liposomes.
We compare the prospects of extracellular vesicles with those of the well established liposomes.
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development requirementsupports
Using extracellular vesicles to their full potential as drug carriers requires attention to loading methods, in-depth characterization, and large-scale manufacturing.
Here, we discuss the uniqueness of extracellular vesicles along with critical design and development steps required to utilize their full potential as drug carriers, including loading methods, in-depth characterization and large-scale manufacturing.
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translation bottlenecksupports
Clinical translation of extracellular-vesicle-based therapies remains challenging.
Despite extensive research, clinical translation of extracellular-vesicle-based therapies remains challenging.
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comparative review summarysupports
Synthetic drug delivery systems have limited applications due to inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and/or immunogenicity.
However, applications of such systems are limited due to inefficiency, cytotoxicity and/or immunogenicity.
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scope statementsupports
The review highlights emerging strategies that exploit EV features for drug loading and targeted delivery.
Here, we review unique EV features that are relevant for drug delivery and highlight emerging strategies to make use of those features for drug loading and targeted delivery.
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utility review summarysupports
Extracellular vesicles are prominent natural carriers with characteristics that qualify them as promising vehicles for drug delivery.
One of the most prominent examples of such natural carriers are extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs possess a number of characteristics that qualify them as promising vehicles for drug delivery.
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biomarker potentialsupports
Extracellular vesicles are presented as potential biomarkers and disease monitoring approaches in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
Specific reference will be made to EVs as potential biomarkers and disease monitoring approaches.
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mechanistic rolesupports
Extracellular vesicles are key players in intercellular signaling and may carry proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs.
Evidence is accumulating that secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), comprising ectosomes and exosomes with a size ranging from 0.1-1 μm, are key players in intercellular signaling. These EVs may carry specific proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs).
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Comparisons
Source-stated alternatives
The abstract does not name alternative delivery vectors for direct comparison.; Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.; The review compares EVs with LNPs and liposomes.; The paper contrasts extracellular vesicles with non-biological vesicles such as liposomes and polymersomes, as well as hybrid vesicles.; The review explicitly compares extracellular vesicles with well established liposomes and with conventional synthetic carriers. Those are the main contrasted alternatives named in the provided evidence.; The abstract contrasts EVs with synthetic drug delivery systems already developed and marketed. Those synthetic systems are described as limited by inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and/or immunogenicity.; The abstract distinguishes EV subtypes including exosomes and ectosomes. It also discusses miRNAs as related molecular regulators rather than delivery vehicles themselves.
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The abstract does not name alternative delivery vectors for direct comparison.
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Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.
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The review compares EVs with LNPs and liposomes.
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The paper contrasts extracellular vesicles with non-biological vesicles such as liposomes and polymersomes, as well as hybrid vesicles.
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The review explicitly compares extracellular vesicles with well established liposomes and with conventional synthetic carriers. Those are the main contrasted alternatives named in the provided evidence.
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The abstract contrasts EVs with synthetic drug delivery systems already developed and marketed. Those synthetic systems are described as limited by inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and/or immunogenicity.
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The abstract distinguishes EV subtypes including exosomes and ectosomes. It also discusses miRNAs as related molecular regulators rather than delivery vehicles themselves.
Source-backed strengths
low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions; described as playing a crucial role in effective access to neural cells; promising biocompatibility; innate targeting to hepatic cells; targeted drug delivery; reduced side effects; improved drug stability; review states they have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers; described as unique relative to established liposomes; described as promising vehicles for drug delivery; natural carrier system; have unique features relevant for drug delivery; carry multiple cargo classes including proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs; framed as potential biomarkers and delivery vehicles in the review
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low immunogenicity
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high biocompatibility
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unique cargo compositions
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described as playing a crucial role in effective access to neural cells
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promising biocompatibility
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innate targeting to hepatic cells
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targeted drug delivery
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reduced side effects
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improved drug stability
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review states they have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers
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described as unique relative to established liposomes
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described as promising vehicles for drug delivery
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natural carrier system
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have unique features relevant for drug delivery
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carry multiple cargo classes including proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs
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framed as potential biomarkers and delivery vehicles in the review
Compared with Adeno-associated virus
Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions.
Relative tradeoffs: EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; challenges in large-scale production.
Source:
Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.
Compared with CRISPR/Cas9
Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions.
Relative tradeoffs: EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; challenges in large-scale production.
Source:
Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.
Compared with CRISPR/Cas9 system
Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions.
Relative tradeoffs: EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; challenges in large-scale production.
Source:
Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.
Compared with Exosomes
The paper contrasts extracellular vesicles with non-biological vesicles such as liposomes and polymersomes, as well as hybrid vesicles.; The review explicitly compares extracellular vesicles with well established liposomes and with conventional synthetic carriers. Those are the main contrasted alternatives named in the provided evidence.; The abstract distinguishes EV subtypes including exosomes and ectosomes. It also discusses miRNAs as related molecular regulators rather than delivery vehicles themselves.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions.
Relative tradeoffs: EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; challenges in large-scale production.
Source:
The paper contrasts extracellular vesicles with non-biological vesicles such as liposomes and polymersomes, as well as hybrid vesicles.
Source:
The review explicitly compares extracellular vesicles with well established liposomes and with conventional synthetic carriers. Those are the main contrasted alternatives named in the provided evidence.
Source:
The abstract distinguishes EV subtypes including exosomes and ectosomes. It also discusses miRNAs as related molecular regulators rather than delivery vehicles themselves.
Compared with lipid nanoparticles
Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.; The review compares EVs with LNPs and liposomes.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions.
Relative tradeoffs: EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; challenges in large-scale production.
Source:
Viral vectors and nanocarriers are explicitly named as alternative CRISPR delivery systems.
Source:
The review compares EVs with LNPs and liposomes.
Compared with microRNA
The abstract distinguishes EV subtypes including exosomes and ectosomes. It also discusses miRNAs as related molecular regulators rather than delivery vehicles themselves.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions.
Relative tradeoffs: EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; challenges in large-scale production.
Source:
The abstract distinguishes EV subtypes including exosomes and ectosomes. It also discusses miRNAs as related molecular regulators rather than delivery vehicles themselves.
Compared with mRNA-lipid nanoparticles
The review compares EVs with LNPs and liposomes.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions.
Relative tradeoffs: EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; challenges in large-scale production.
Source:
The review compares EVs with LNPs and liposomes.
Compared with mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles
The review compares EVs with LNPs and liposomes.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions.
Relative tradeoffs: EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; challenges in large-scale production.
Source:
The review compares EVs with LNPs and liposomes.
Compared with polymeric vesicles
The paper contrasts extracellular vesicles with non-biological vesicles such as liposomes and polymersomes, as well as hybrid vesicles.; The review explicitly compares extracellular vesicles with well established liposomes and with conventional synthetic carriers. Those are the main contrasted alternatives named in the provided evidence.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: low immunogenicity; high biocompatibility; unique cargo compositions.
Relative tradeoffs: EV-based drugs have not yet been approved by regulatory authorities; targeted and safe delivery remains a persistent challenge; challenges in large-scale production.
Source:
The paper contrasts extracellular vesicles with non-biological vesicles such as liposomes and polymersomes, as well as hybrid vesicles.
Source:
The review explicitly compares extracellular vesicles with well established liposomes and with conventional synthetic carriers. Those are the main contrasted alternatives named in the provided evidence.
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