Toolkit/electrophysiology

electrophysiology

Assay Method·Research·Since 2022

Taxonomy: Technique Branch / Method. Workflows sit above the mechanism and technique branches rather than replacing them.

Summary

Electrophysiology is used as a functional assay in a multimodal study of gasdermin D pore behavior, alongside optogenetic tools and live-cell fluorescence biosensing. In the cited work, it supports measurement of pore conductance dynamics and the conclusion that gasdermin pores show phosphoinositide-dependent, repeated fast opening-closing behavior.

Usefulness & Problems

Why this is useful

This assay is useful for directly tracking functional pore activity rather than inferring pore state indirectly. In the cited study, it enabled analysis of dynamic gasdermin pore behavior within a light-enabled experimental framework that also included optogenetic perturbation and fluorescence biosensing.

Source:

Electrophysiology is used in the study to help demonstrate that gasdermin pores have phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics. The abstract supports its role in quantifying repeated fast opening-closing behavior.

Source:

measuring gasdermin pore opening-closing dynamics

Source:

probing pore activity on the tens of seconds timescale

Problem solved

It helps resolve whether gasdermin D pores behave as static open structures or undergo dynamic gating-like transitions. The supplied evidence indicates that electrophysiology contributed to showing repeated fast opening-closing events on the tens-of-seconds timescale and phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Source:

It helps directly measure dynamic pore activity rather than assuming pores are permanently open.

Source:

provides direct functional readout of dynamic pore activity

Problem links

addresses the need for methods with spatiotemporal resolution to study fast reactivation

Literature

It helps researchers access fast neural dynamics that were previously difficult to resolve in retrieval studies.

Source:

It helps researchers access fast neural dynamics that were previously difficult to resolve in retrieval studies.

adds neurophysiological evidence beyond behavioral and neurochemical measures

Literature

It provides mechanistic neural evidence that can complement behavioral assays and improve translational relevance. The review suggests this is important for understanding symptom-related effects of THC and CBD.

Source:

It provides mechanistic neural evidence that can complement behavioral assays and improve translational relevance. The review suggests this is important for understanding symptom-related effects of THC and CBD.

provides a neural activity measurement modality that can be integrated with fMRI

Literature

It contributes direct neural activity measurements that can be related to fMRI signals. This helps bridge cellular or circuit activity with functional imaging.

Source:

It contributes direct neural activity measurements that can be related to fMRI signals. This helps bridge cellular or circuit activity with functional imaging.

provides a way to measure synaptic and network dysfunction in model systems

Literature

It helps investigators detect synaptic and neurophysiological dysfunction associated with amyloid and tau pathology in model systems.

Source:

It helps investigators detect synaptic and neurophysiological dysfunction associated with amyloid and tau pathology in model systems.

provides direct functional readout of dynamic pore activity

Literature

It helps directly measure dynamic pore activity rather than assuming pores are permanently open.

Source:

It helps directly measure dynamic pore activity rather than assuming pores are permanently open.

provides electrophysiological characterization of VTA dopaminergic neuronal activity

Literature

It supports direct measurement of neuronal activity relevant to the paper's sleep and learning questions.

Source:

It supports direct measurement of neuronal activity relevant to the paper's sleep and learning questions.

provides functional readout of neuronal activity relevant to energy-balance circuits

Literature

It helps functionally characterize neural circuits that sense energy-status signals and regulate appetite and energy expenditure. The review highlights it as part of the methodological basis for current knowledge.

Source:

It helps functionally characterize neural circuits that sense energy-status signals and regulate appetite and energy expenditure. The review highlights it as part of the methodological basis for current knowledge.

provides functional readouts when linking cell subtype properties to stress outcomes

Literature

It helps measure functional properties of implicated cell populations rather than relying only on anatomical or molecular association.

Source:

It helps measure functional properties of implicated cell populations rather than relying only on anatomical or molecular association.

providing complementary physiological measurements alongside calcium imaging

Literature

It serves as a complementary measurement approach within integrated studies of neural mechanisms.

Source:

It serves as a complementary measurement approach within integrated studies of neural mechanisms.

supports functional investigation of neural mechanisms in the GI tract when paired with optogenetics

Literature

It contributes functional readout capability for studies of neural control of the GI tract. The abstract frames it as part of the methodological toolkit advancing mechanistic understanding.

Source:

It contributes functional readout capability for studies of neural control of the GI tract. The abstract frames it as part of the methodological toolkit advancing mechanistic understanding.

Published Workflows

VTA dopaminergic neuronal activity during NREM sleep is modulated by learning and facilitates motor memory consolidation.

2025

Objective: To determine whether VTA dopaminergic neuronal activity during sleep, particularly NREM sleep, contributes to memory consolidation and how learning modulates that activity.

Why it works: The study combines observational recording methods with causal perturbation methods across learning paradigms, allowing the authors to relate sleep activity patterns to learning and test whether that activity facilitates consolidation.

VTA dopaminergic neuronal activity during NREM sleepmotor learning-dependent coordination with cortical spindle oscillationssleep-dependent memory consolidationcalcium-dependent fiber photometryelectrophysiologychemogenetic manipulationoptogenetic manipulation

Calcium imaging: Unraveling the neurobiological mechanisms of depression across cellular and circuit dimensions

2025

Objective: Use calcium imaging, together with complementary modalities, to elucidate cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying depression and identify depression-related cell types and neural circuits.

Why it works: The review frames calcium imaging as a core activity-readout method and emphasizes integrating it with complementary behavioral and perturbation/measurement modalities to better elucidate depression-related cellular and circuit mechanisms.

physiologically relevant calcium dynamicscellular mechanisms underlying depressioncircuit mechanisms underlying depressioncalcium imagingbehavioral paradigmselectrophysiologyoptogeneticschemogenetics

Gasdermin D pores are dynamically regulated by local phosphoinositide circuitry

2022

Objective: Reveal mechanistic regulation of gasdermin D pore function and identify signaling that controls dynamic pore activity.

Why it works: The study combines perturbation and live functional readouts to directly reveal mechanistic details of pore dynamics that the abstract says previously lacked direct methods.

phosphoinositide-dependent regulation of gasdermin pore dynamicslocal phosphoinositide circuitry controlling pore activityoptogenetic toolslive cell fluorescence biosensingelectrophysiology

Cannabinoids and Vanilloids in Schizophrenia: Neurophysiological Evidence and Directions for Basic Research

2017

Objective: Improve mechanistic and translational understanding of how cannabinoids and vanilloids influence schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes by combining psychopharmacological and neurophysiological tools.

Why it works: The review argues that existing behavioral and neurochemical strategies map important mechanisms but need neurophysiological tools to better inform clinical research, implying that combining these modalities improves mechanistic interpretation and translational value.

sensorimotor gatinghyperlocomotionsocial interactionmonoaminergic disturbancesglutamatergic disturbancesGABAergic disturbancesendocannabinoid-endovanilloid interplaybehavioral assaysneurochemical approachesdrug challenge designselectrophysiologyviral vector-based circuit dissectionoptogenetics

Stages

  1. 1.
    Rodent behavioral and neurochemical mapping(broad_screen)

    This stage represents the established knowledge-generating base from which much of the field's understanding has been derived.

    Selection: Use common rodent behavioral measures and associated neurochemical or drug challenge approaches to map schizophrenia-relevant mechanisms.

  2. 2.
    Human imaging and electrographic contextualization(functional_characterization)

    The review explicitly begins by contextualizing human imaging and electrographic findings before discussing rodent electrophysiology.

  3. 3.
    Rodent electrophysiology review and mechanistic interpretation(secondary_characterization)

    The review next presents rodent electrophysiology to deepen mechanistic understanding beyond behavioral readouts.

  4. 4.
    Combined psychopharmacological and neurophysiological future-direction integration(decision_gate)

    This final stage captures the review's explicit recommendation for how the field should proceed.

Taxonomy & Function

Primary hierarchy

Technique Branch

Method: A concrete measurement method used to characterize an engineered system.

Target processes

No target processes tagged yet.

Input: Light

Implementation Constraints

cofactor dependency: cofactor requirement unknownencoding mode: genetically encodedimplementation constraint: context specific validationimplementation constraint: payload burdenimplementation constraint: spectral hardware requirementoperating role: sensor

The reported implementation combined electrophysiology with optogenetic tools and live-cell fluorescence biosensing. Light is part of the broader assay context, but the supplied evidence does not provide construct design, cell type, recording setup, or hardware details.

The supplied evidence does not specify the electrophysiological configuration, instrument subtype, recording mode, or quantitative performance metrics. It also does not show that electrophysiology alone identifies the underlying phosphoinositide circuit or visualizes pore structure.

Validation

Cell-freeBacteriaMammalianMouseHumanTherapeuticIndep. Replication

Supporting Sources

Ranked Claims

Claim 1application scopesupports2025Source 2needs review

Calcium imaging is used to identify depression-related cell types and neural circuits.

Claim 2method compositionsupports2025Source 2needs review

Calcium imaging primarily uses genetically encoded calcium indicators or synthetic fluorescent dyes to detect physiologically relevant calcium dynamics.

Claim 3multimodal integrationsupports2025Source 2needs review

The review summarizes integration of calcium indicators with behavioral paradigms, electrophysiology, optogenetics, and chemogenetics to elucidate cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying depression.

Claim 4review summarysupports2025Source 2needs review

Calcium imaging is a pivotal technique for monitoring neuronal and glial activity in neuroscience research.

Claim 5translational implicationsupports2025Source 2needs review

Synthesized calcium-imaging findings are presented as establishing a framework for developing precision-targeted antidepressant interventions.

Claim 6tool usage summarysupports2023Source 8needs review

The reviewed literature uses chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry approaches to investigate the role of specific cell subtypes in the stress response.

many studies have used state-of-the-art tools such as chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry to investigate the role of specific cell subtypes in the stress response
Claim 7application implicationsupports2022Source 6needs review

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Claim 8application implicationsupports2022Source 6needs review

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Claim 9application implicationsupports2022Source 6needs review

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Claim 10application implicationsupports2022Source 6needs review

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Claim 11application implicationsupports2022Source 6needs review

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Claim 12application implicationsupports2022Source 6needs review

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Claim 13application implicationsupports2022Source 6needs review

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Claim 14application implicationsupports2022Source 6needs review

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Claim 15application implicationsupports2022Source 6needs review

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.
Claim 16design considerationsupports2022Source 4needs review

Designing multimodal experiments that apply these tools within fMRI studies involves challenges and experimental choices.

Claim 17dynamic behaviorsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale
opening-closing timescale tens of seconds
Claim 18dynamic behaviorsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale
opening-closing timescale tens of seconds
Claim 19dynamic behaviorsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale
opening-closing timescale tens of seconds
Claim 20dynamic behaviorsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale
opening-closing timescale tens of seconds
Claim 21dynamic behaviorsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale
opening-closing timescale tens of seconds
Claim 22dynamic behaviorsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale
opening-closing timescale tens of seconds
Claim 23dynamic behaviorsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale
opening-closing timescale tens of seconds
Claim 24dynamic behaviorsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale
opening-closing timescale tens of seconds
Claim 25dynamic behaviorsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale
opening-closing timescale tens of seconds
Claim 26mechanistic findingsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Claim 27mechanistic findingsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Claim 28mechanistic findingsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Claim 29mechanistic findingsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Claim 30mechanistic findingsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Claim 31mechanistic findingsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Claim 32mechanistic findingsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Claim 33mechanistic findingsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Claim 34mechanistic findingsupports2022Source 6needs review

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.
Claim 35review scope summarysupports2022Source 4needs review

Multimodal neuroimaging that combines fMRI with calcium imaging, optogenetics, electrophysiology, or chemogenetics offers an opportunity to better understand brain function.

Claim 36application scopesupports2020Source 5needs review

Optogenetics and electrophysiology are being used to explore the brain-gut axis.

We discuss how these technologies and tools are currently being used to explore the brain-gut axis
Claim 37promise statementsupports2020Source 5needs review

The use of optogenetics and electrophysiology is presented as enabling researchers to answer important questions in neurogastroenterology through fundamental research.

Taken together, we consider that the use of these technologies will enable researchers to answer important questions in neurogastroenterology through fundamental research.
Claim 38review scopesupports2020Source 5needs review

The review focuses on optogenetics combined with electrophysiology in neurogastroenterology.

This review focuses on the use of optogenetics combined with electrophysiology in the field of neurogastroenterology.
Claim 39translational relevancesupports2020Source 5needs review

Answers generated using these technologies may shorten the path from basic discovery to new treatments for disorders of the brain-gut axis affecting the GI tract.

The answers to those questions will shorten the path from basic discovery to new treatments for patient populations with disorders of the brain-gut axis affecting the GI tract such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, achalasia, and delayed gastric emptying.
Claim 40review summarysupports2017Source 3needs review

Behavioral and neurochemical strategies in this area require greater use of neurophysiological tools to better inform clinical research.

These strategies will require, however, a greater use of neurophysiological tools to better inform clinical research.
Claim 41review summarysupports2017Source 3needs review

Electrophysiology and viral vector-based circuit dissection such as optogenetics can further elucidate how exogenous cannabinoids worsen or ameliorate schizophrenia symptoms.

electrophysiology and viral vector-based circuit dissection, like optogenetics, can further elucidate how exogenous cannabinoids worsen (e.g., tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) or ameliorate (e.g., cannabidiol, CBD) schizophrenia symptoms
Claim 42review summarysupports2017Source 3needs review

Rodent behavioral measures such as prepulse inhibition and open-field locomotion, often combined with neurochemical approaches or drug challenge designs, have provided much of the field's knowledge about the endocannabinoid system in schizophrenia.

Much of our knowledge of the endocannabinoid system in schizophrenia comes from behavioral measures in rodents, like prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle and open-field locomotion, which are commonly used along with neurochemical approaches or drug challenge designs.
Claim 43methodology enables studysupports2015Source 9needs review

Recent development of novel paradigms, model systems, and tools in molecular genetics, electrophysiology, optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging has markedly improved the ability to investigate brain mechanisms of memory retrieval.

Claim 44methodological impactsupports2013Source 7needs review

Recent advances in mouse genetics, electrophysiology, and optogenetic techniques have greatly contributed to improving understanding of homeostatic energy-balance regulation.

Approval Evidence

10 sources15 linked approval claimsfirst-pass slug electrophysiology
This review systematically summarizes the evolution of calcium indicators and their integration with behavioral paradigms, electrophysiology, optogenetics, and chemogenetics to elucidate cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying depression.

Source:

Using calcium-dependent fiber photometry, electrophysiology, and chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulations across learning paradigms, we explore the functions of VTADA neuronal activity during sleep.

Source:

This specifically focuses on neurophysiological function and dysfunction observed within these animal models, typically measured using electrophysiology or calcium imaging.

Source:

many studies have used state-of-the-art tools such as ... electrophysiology ... to investigate the role of specific cell subtypes in the stress response

Source:

Being able to combine calcium imaging, optogenetics, electrophysiology, chemogenetics, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as part of the numerous efforts on brain functional mapping, we have a unique opportunity to better understand brain function.

Source:

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Source:

This review focuses on the use of optogenetics combined with electrophysiology in the field of neurogastroenterology.

Source:

These strategies will require, however, a greater use of neurophysiological tools to better inform clinical research. In this sense, electrophysiology and viral vector-based circuit dissection, like optogenetics, can further elucidate how exogenous cannabinoids worsen or ameliorate schizophrenia symptoms

Source:

The development of novel paradigms, model systems, and new tools in molecular genetics, electrophysiology, optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging, have contributed markedly in recent years to our ability to investigate brain mechanisms of retrieval.

Source:

In this article, we review current knowledge on the homeostatic regulation of energy balance, emphasizing recent advances in mouse genetics, electrophysiology, and optogenetic techniques that have greatly contributed to improving our understanding of this central process.

Source:

multimodal integrationsupports

The review summarizes integration of calcium indicators with behavioral paradigms, electrophysiology, optogenetics, and chemogenetics to elucidate cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying depression.

Source:

tool usage summarysupports

The reviewed literature uses chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry approaches to investigate the role of specific cell subtypes in the stress response.

many studies have used state-of-the-art tools such as chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry to investigate the role of specific cell subtypes in the stress response

Source:

application implicationsupports

Identification of the local phosphoinositide circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

The identification of this circuit allows pharmacological tuning of pyroptosis and control of inflammatory cytokine release by living cells.

Source:

design considerationsupports

Designing multimodal experiments that apply these tools within fMRI studies involves challenges and experimental choices.

Source:

dynamic behaviorsupports

Gasdermin pores undergo repeated fast opening-closing on the tens of seconds timescale.

We quantify repeated and fast opening-closing of these pores on the tens of seconds timescale

Source:

mechanistic findingsupports

Gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Here, we combine optogenetic tools, live cell fluorescence biosensing, and electrophysiology to demonstrate that gasdermin pores display phosphoinositide-dependent dynamics.

Source:

review scope summarysupports

Multimodal neuroimaging that combines fMRI with calcium imaging, optogenetics, electrophysiology, or chemogenetics offers an opportunity to better understand brain function.

Source:

application scopesupports

Optogenetics and electrophysiology are being used to explore the brain-gut axis.

We discuss how these technologies and tools are currently being used to explore the brain-gut axis

Source:

promise statementsupports

The use of optogenetics and electrophysiology is presented as enabling researchers to answer important questions in neurogastroenterology through fundamental research.

Taken together, we consider that the use of these technologies will enable researchers to answer important questions in neurogastroenterology through fundamental research.

Source:

review scopesupports

The review focuses on optogenetics combined with electrophysiology in neurogastroenterology.

This review focuses on the use of optogenetics combined with electrophysiology in the field of neurogastroenterology.

Source:

translational relevancesupports

Answers generated using these technologies may shorten the path from basic discovery to new treatments for disorders of the brain-gut axis affecting the GI tract.

The answers to those questions will shorten the path from basic discovery to new treatments for patient populations with disorders of the brain-gut axis affecting the GI tract such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, achalasia, and delayed gastric emptying.

Source:

review summarysupports

Behavioral and neurochemical strategies in this area require greater use of neurophysiological tools to better inform clinical research.

These strategies will require, however, a greater use of neurophysiological tools to better inform clinical research.

Source:

review summarysupports

Electrophysiology and viral vector-based circuit dissection such as optogenetics can further elucidate how exogenous cannabinoids worsen or ameliorate schizophrenia symptoms.

electrophysiology and viral vector-based circuit dissection, like optogenetics, can further elucidate how exogenous cannabinoids worsen (e.g., tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) or ameliorate (e.g., cannabidiol, CBD) schizophrenia symptoms

Source:

methodology enables studysupports

Recent development of novel paradigms, model systems, and tools in molecular genetics, electrophysiology, optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging has markedly improved the ability to investigate brain mechanisms of memory retrieval.

Source:

methodological impactsupports

Recent advances in mouse genetics, electrophysiology, and optogenetic techniques have greatly contributed to improving understanding of homeostatic energy-balance regulation.

Source:

Comparisons

Source-stated alternatives

The abstract lists calcium-dependent fiber photometry as a complementary recording approach.; Other complementary approaches named in the abstract are behavioral paradigms, optogenetics, and chemogenetics.; The abstract lists chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry as complementary approaches.; The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.; Live cell fluorescence biosensing and optogenetic tools are used alongside electrophysiology in the reported approach.; The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.; No explicit alternative readout methods are named in the abstract.; Behavioral measures such as prepulse inhibition and open-field locomotion, plus neurochemical approaches and drug challenge designs, are described as existing strategies. Electrophysiology is proposed as an important addition to those methods.; The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.; The abstract explicitly contrasts or complements electrophysiology with mouse genetics and optogenetic techniques.

Source:

The abstract lists calcium-dependent fiber photometry as a complementary recording approach.

Source:

Other complementary approaches named in the abstract are behavioral paradigms, optogenetics, and chemogenetics.

Source:

The abstract lists chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry as complementary approaches.

Source:

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.

Source:

Live cell fluorescence biosensing and optogenetic tools are used alongside electrophysiology in the reported approach.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Source:

No explicit alternative readout methods are named in the abstract.

Source:

Behavioral measures such as prepulse inhibition and open-field locomotion, plus neurochemical approaches and drug challenge designs, are described as existing strategies. Electrophysiology is proposed as an important addition to those methods.

Source:

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Source:

The abstract explicitly contrasts or complements electrophysiology with mouse genetics and optogenetic techniques.

Source-backed strengths

The cited study used electrophysiology in combination with optogenetic tools and live-cell fluorescence biosensing, providing functional readout within a multimodal assay design. The evidence supports its value for detecting dynamic pore conductance behavior, including repeated fast opening-closing events and phosphoinositide dependence.

Source:

supports quantification of repeated and fast opening-closing events

Compared with biosensing

Live cell fluorescence biosensing and optogenetic tools are used alongside electrophysiology in the reported approach.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

Live cell fluorescence biosensing and optogenetic tools are used alongside electrophysiology in the reported approach.

Compared with Ca2+ imaging

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.; The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Compared with calcium imaging

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.; The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Compared with calcium imaging of freely behaving animals

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.; The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Compared with chemogenetic circuit manipulation

The abstract lists chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry as complementary approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract lists chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry as complementary approaches.

Compared with chemogenetics

Other complementary approaches named in the abstract are behavioral paradigms, optogenetics, and chemogenetics.; The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

Other complementary approaches named in the abstract are behavioral paradigms, optogenetics, and chemogenetics.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Compared with fiber photometry

The abstract lists calcium-dependent fiber photometry as a complementary recording approach.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract lists calcium-dependent fiber photometry as a complementary recording approach.

Compared with fiber photometry calcium imaging

The abstract lists calcium-dependent fiber photometry as a complementary recording approach.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract lists calcium-dependent fiber photometry as a complementary recording approach.

Compared with functional imaging

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Compared with functional magnetic resonance imaging

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Compared with imaging

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.; The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.; The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Source:

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Compared with imaging surveillance

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.; The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.; The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract directly contrasts electrophysiology with calcium imaging as another typical measurement approach.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Source:

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Compared with immunohistochemistry

The abstract lists chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry as complementary approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract lists chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry as complementary approaches.

Compared with in situ microscopy

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Compared with microscopy

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Compared with open-field locomotion

Behavioral measures such as prepulse inhibition and open-field locomotion, plus neurochemical approaches and drug challenge designs, are described as existing strategies. Electrophysiology is proposed as an important addition to those methods.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

Behavioral measures such as prepulse inhibition and open-field locomotion, plus neurochemical approaches and drug challenge designs, are described as existing strategies. Electrophysiology is proposed as an important addition to those methods.

Compared with optogenetic

The abstract lists chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry as complementary approaches.; Live cell fluorescence biosensing and optogenetic tools are used alongside electrophysiology in the reported approach.; The abstract explicitly contrasts or complements electrophysiology with mouse genetics and optogenetic techniques.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

The abstract lists chemogenetic, optogenetic, genetic manipulation, pharmacology, and immunohistochemistry as complementary approaches.

Source:

Live cell fluorescence biosensing and optogenetic tools are used alongside electrophysiology in the reported approach.

Source:

The abstract explicitly contrasts or complements electrophysiology with mouse genetics and optogenetic techniques.

Compared with optogenetic functional interrogation

Other complementary approaches named in the abstract are behavioral paradigms, optogenetics, and chemogenetics.; The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.; The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

Other complementary approaches named in the abstract are behavioral paradigms, optogenetics, and chemogenetics.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Source:

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Compared with optogenetic membrane potential perturbation

Other complementary approaches named in the abstract are behavioral paradigms, optogenetics, and chemogenetics.; The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.; The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: used alongside photometry and perturbation methods in the study; presented as a complementary modality integrated with calcium imaging; presented as a state-of-the-art tool used in this literature.

Relative tradeoffs: the abstract does not specify what electrophysiology contributes relative to the other modalities; the abstract does not specify which electrophysiology modalities or what aspects they cannot capture; the abstract does not specify the electrophysiology configuration or protocol.

Source:

Other complementary approaches named in the abstract are behavioral paradigms, optogenetics, and chemogenetics.

Source:

The abstract names calcium imaging as another readout modality and optogenetics or chemogenetics as perturbation modalities used with fMRI.

Source:

The review abstract contrasts it with optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging as complementary approaches.

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  4. 4.
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  6. 6.
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    StructuralSource 7Journal of Endocrinology2013Claim 44

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  8. 8.
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  9. 9.
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