PALM

Assay Method·Research·Since 2016

Also known as: photoactivated localization microscopy

Taxonomy: Technique Branch / Method. Workflows sit above the mechanism and technique branches rather than replacing them.

Summary

The anchor paper explicitly reports super-resolution imaging under a PALM setup.

Usefulness & Problems

Why this is useful

PALM is presented as a super-resolution microscopy technique for single-molecule localization in subcellular protein imaging. The abstract attributes 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution to this class of methods.; super-resolution imaging; single-molecule localization with high spatial resolution; PALM is the super-resolution microscopy method used in the paper to image the reported nanoparticles. It leverages photoswitchable fluorescence for localization-based imaging.; single-molecule localization-based imaging of photoswitchable probes; PALM is presented as one of the single-molecule localization microscopy approaches covered by the review for nanoscale fluorescence imaging.; super-resolution fluorescence imaging at the nanoscale; PALM is a superresolution imaging modality linked in the supplied evidence to photoswitchable or photocontrollable fluorescent proteins.; superresolution imaging with photocontrollable fluorescent proteins

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super-resolution imaging

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single-molecule localization with high spatial resolution

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PALM is the super-resolution microscopy method used in the paper to image the reported nanoparticles. It leverages photoswitchable fluorescence for localization-based imaging.

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super-resolution imaging

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single-molecule localization-based imaging of photoswitchable probes

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PALM is presented as one of the single-molecule localization microscopy approaches covered by the review for nanoscale fluorescence imaging.

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super-resolution fluorescence imaging at the nanoscale

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PALM is a superresolution imaging modality linked in the supplied evidence to photoswitchable or photocontrollable fluorescent proteins.

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superresolution imaging with photocontrollable fluorescent proteins

Problem solved

It provides very high spatial resolution for tracking or localizing proteins within cells.; improves spatial resolution for protein imaging at subcellular scale; It provides a super-resolution imaging readout for the nanoparticle photoswitching system.; enables super-resolution readout of photoswitchable fluorescent probes; It addresses the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional fluorescence microscopy by enabling localization-based super-resolution imaging.; obtaining sub-diffraction spatial information from fluorescence microscopy; provides a superresolution imaging workflow that uses photocontrollable fluorescent proteins

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It provides very high spatial resolution for tracking or localizing proteins within cells.

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improves spatial resolution for protein imaging at subcellular scale

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It provides a super-resolution imaging readout for the nanoparticle photoswitching system.

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enables super-resolution readout of photoswitchable fluorescent probes

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It addresses the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional fluorescence microscopy by enabling localization-based super-resolution imaging.

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obtaining sub-diffraction spatial information from fluorescence microscopy

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provides a superresolution imaging workflow that uses photocontrollable fluorescent proteins

Problem links

enables super-resolution readout of photoswitchable fluorescent probes

Literature

It provides a super-resolution imaging readout for the nanoparticle photoswitching system.

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It provides a super-resolution imaging readout for the nanoparticle photoswitching system.

improves spatial resolution for protein imaging at subcellular scale

Literature

It provides very high spatial resolution for tracking or localizing proteins within cells.

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It provides very high spatial resolution for tracking or localizing proteins within cells.

obtaining sub-diffraction spatial information from fluorescence microscopy

Literature

It addresses the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional fluorescence microscopy by enabling localization-based super-resolution imaging.

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It addresses the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional fluorescence microscopy by enabling localization-based super-resolution imaging.

provides a superresolution imaging workflow that uses photocontrollable fluorescent proteins

Literature

PALM is a superresolution imaging modality linked in the supplied evidence to photoswitchable or photocontrollable fluorescent proteins.

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PALM is a superresolution imaging modality linked in the supplied evidence to photoswitchable or photocontrollable fluorescent proteins.

Taxonomy & Function

Primary hierarchy

Technique Branch

Method: A concrete measurement method used to characterize an engineered system.

Mechanisms

photoconversionphotoswitchingsingle-molecule localization

Techniques

Functional Assay

Target processes

localization

Implementation Constraints

cofactor dependency: cofactor requirement unknownencoding mode: genetically encodedimplementation constraint: context specific validationoperating role: sensor

The abstract ties practical use to fluorophore availability and spectral multiplexing constraints. It is discussed in the context of live-cell and multi-colour imaging.; practical implementation is hampered by fluorophore limitations and spectral overlap; Execution requires a PALM-capable microscope and a probe that can be photoswitched under the imaging conditions.; requires a PALM imaging setup; requires a photoswitchable fluorescent probe; It requires suitable fluorescent protein probes and microscopy hardware capable of the relevant photoactivation or photoswitching workflow.; requires compatible photocontrollable fluorescent proteins and appropriate microscopy instrumentation

The abstract states that slow image acquisition still limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cells.; slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging

Validation

Cell-freeBacteriaMammalianMouseHumanTherapeuticIndep. Replication

Supporting Sources

Source 1primary paper2019Nature Communications

1 ranked citation 3 ranked claims Citation 1 Claim 3 Claim 4 Claim 5

Source 2review2016Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

1 ranked citation 4 ranked claims Citation 2 Claim 6 Claim 7 Claim 8

Source 3primary paper2023Preprints.org

1 ranked citation 2 ranked claims Citation 3 Claim 1 Claim 2

Ranked Claims

Claim 1limitation statementsupports2023Source 3needs review

Slow image acquisition in current super-resolution microscopy limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live-cell imaging.

Claim 2performance statementsupports2023Source 3needs review

STED, PALM, and STORM can achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution in single-molecule localization.

spatial resolution 10 to 20 nm

Claim 3applicationsupports2019Source 1needs review

The reported dual-color fluorescent nanoparticles were used for PALM super-resolution imaging in RAW264.7 cells.

Claim 4compositionsupports2019Source 1needs review

The anchor paper's publisher version explicitly names DBTEO as the diarylethene component, HPNIC as the ESIPT fluorophore, and PCL nanoparticles as the fabricated particle format.

Claim 5functional capabilitysupports2019Source 1needs review

Dual-color fluorescent polymer nanoparticles built from a fluorescent photochromic diarylethene and an ESIPT dye show perfect blue-channel photoswitching while orange emission remains unchanged.

Claim 6comparative advantagesupports2016Source 2needs review

The review highlights nanobodies as a labeling strategy that reduces linkage error relative to conventional antibodies in super-resolution imaging.

Claim 7method family membershipsupports2016Source 2needs review

The review groups PALM, STORM/dSTORM, and GSDIM under single-molecule localization microscopy.

Claim 8review scopesupports2016Source 2needs review

The review discusses labeling chemistry, fluorophore photophysics, quantitative super-resolution, live-cell imaging, correlative microscopy, and analysis algorithms alongside core imaging modalities.

Claim 9review scopesupports2016Source 2needs review

This review covers major super-resolution microscopy modality families including SIM, STED/RESOLFT, and single-molecule localization microscopy.

Approval Evidence

4 sources4 linked approval claimsfirst-pass slug palm

we have super-resolution microscopy techniques such as STED, PALM and STORM able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution in single molecule localisation

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The anchor paper explicitly reports super-resolution imaging under a PALM setup.

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The supplied source summary states that the review explicitly covers single-molecule localization microscopy, including PALM.

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Web research summary related item candidates state that photoswitchable or photocontrollable proteins are tied to PALM workflows by anchor-related review sources.

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limitation statementsupports

Slow image acquisition in current super-resolution microscopy limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live-cell imaging.

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performance statementsupports

STED, PALM, and STORM can achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution in single-molecule localization.

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applicationsupports

The reported dual-color fluorescent nanoparticles were used for PALM super-resolution imaging in RAW264.7 cells.

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method family membershipsupports

The review groups PALM, STORM/dSTORM, and GSDIM under single-molecule localization microscopy.

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Comparisons

Source-stated alternatives

STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.; The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.; The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.; The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

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STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.

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The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

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The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

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The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

Source-backed strengths

reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging

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reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution

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explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging

Compared with 3D-dSTORM

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Compared with direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Compared with dSTORM

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Compared with GSDIM

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Compared with imaging

The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

Compared with imaging surveillance

The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

Compared with multi-color single-molecule localization microscopy

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

Compared with RESOLFT

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.; The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.; The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Source:

The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

Compared with reversible saturable optically linear transitions

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Source:

The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

Compared with reversible saturated optical fluorescence transitions microscopy

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Source:

The supplied evidence also names RESOLFT and SOFI as related imaging modalities.

Compared with single molecule localization microscopy

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

Compared with STED

STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.; The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Compared with STED microscopy

STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.; The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Compared with stimulated emission depletion microscopy

STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.; The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Compared with stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.

Source:

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Compared with STORM

Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature

Strengths here: reported as able to achieve 10 to 20 nm spatial resolution; explicitly used in the anchor paper for super-resolution imaging.

Relative tradeoffs: slow image acquisition limits high temporal resolution tracking of multiple protein targets in live cell imaging.

Source:

STED and STORM are named as alternative super-resolution methods.

Source:

The source scaffold mentions related super-resolution modalities including SMLM, STORM, and RESOLFT.

Source:

The review scope also includes STORM/dSTORM, GSDIM, STED/RESOLFT, and SIM as adjacent super-resolution approaches.

Ranked Citations

1.
StructuralSource 1Nature Communications2019Claim 3 Claim 4 Claim 5
Extracted from this source document.
2.
StructuralSource 2Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry2016Claim 6 Claim 7 Claim 8
Seeded from load plan for claim c2. Extracted from this source document.
3.
StructuralSource 3Preprints.org2023Claim 1 Claim 2
Extracted from this source document.