Source 1review2022Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry
Toolkit/stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
Also known as: STORM
Taxonomy: Technique Branch / Method. Workflows sit above the mechanism and technique branches rather than replacing them.
Summary
Many draw inspiration from widely successful fluorescence-based techniques such as stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM).
Usefulness & Problems
Why this is useful
STORM is cited as a widely successful fluorescence-based super-resolution technique that inspired label-free method development. It is used in the abstract as a comparison class rather than the review's main target.; reference architecture for super-resolution method design; fluorescence-based super-resolution imaging; STORM is presented in the supplied summary as a major super-resolution modality within the review's comparison set.; super-resolution imaging technique selection; localization-based super-resolution imaging; STORM is described as a super-resolution optical imaging approach based on switching and localizing individual fluorescent molecules. The review places it within localization-based imaging that now serves biological discovery.; localization-based super-resolution optical imaging; biological discovery from single-molecule localization images; quantitative analysis of unresolved biological hypotheses; STORM is presented as one of the super-resolution far-field optical microscopy techniques covered by the roadmap.; super-resolution far-field optical microscopy; improving spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit; STORM is a superresolution fluorescence imaging method that reconstructs images from high-accuracy localization of individual fluorophores. The abstract states that it uses optically switchable fluorophores to enable this reconstruction.; superresolution fluorescence imaging; biological imaging; imaging subcellular structures and molecular complexes below the conventional optical diffraction limit; STORM is named as a superresolution method that exploits switching properties to improve spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit.; superresolution imaging; STORM is presented as a super-resolution imaging concept based on single-molecule localization and image reconstruction. The abstract places it in a class of methods achieving major resolution improvement.; single-molecule localization super-resolution imaging; The supplied enrichment materials identify STORM as a super-resolution fluorescence microscopy approach within the review's topic area.
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STORM is cited as a widely successful fluorescence-based super-resolution technique that inspired label-free method development. It is used in the abstract as a comparison class rather than the review's main target.
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reference architecture for super-resolution method design
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fluorescence-based super-resolution imaging
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STORM is presented in the supplied summary as a major super-resolution modality within the review's comparison set.
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super-resolution imaging technique selection
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localization-based super-resolution imaging
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STORM is described as a super-resolution optical imaging approach based on switching and localizing individual fluorescent molecules. The review places it within localization-based imaging that now serves biological discovery.
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localization-based super-resolution optical imaging
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biological discovery from single-molecule localization images
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quantitative analysis of unresolved biological hypotheses
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STORM is presented as one of the super-resolution far-field optical microscopy techniques covered by the roadmap.
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super-resolution far-field optical microscopy
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improving spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit
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STORM is a superresolution fluorescence imaging method that reconstructs images from high-accuracy localization of individual fluorophores. The abstract states that it uses optically switchable fluorophores to enable this reconstruction.
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superresolution fluorescence imaging
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biological imaging
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imaging subcellular structures and molecular complexes below the conventional optical diffraction limit
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STORM is named as a superresolution method that exploits switching properties to improve spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit.
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superresolution imaging
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STORM is presented as a super-resolution imaging concept based on single-molecule localization and image reconstruction. The abstract places it in a class of methods achieving major resolution improvement.
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single-molecule localization super-resolution imaging
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The supplied enrichment materials identify STORM as a super-resolution fluorescence microscopy approach within the review's topic area.
Problem solved
It enables imaging of nanoscale features beyond the optical diffraction limit.; breaking the optical diffraction limit in fluorescence microscopy; It provides a named localization-based route to imaging beyond the diffraction limit.; provides a localization-based super-resolution imaging modality; It provides super-resolution localization imaging intended to yield quantitative, reliable evidence for specific biological questions.; enables imaging based on switching and localization of individual fluorescent molecules beyond conventional resolution limits; It is included among methods that address diffraction-limited spatial resolution.; limited spatial resolution of far-field optical microscopy; It addresses the inability of conventional light microscopy to resolve structural features smaller than about 0.2 µm. This enables observation of biological ultrastructure on nanometer-to-micrometer scales.; overcomes the limited spatial resolution of conventional optical microscopy for small biological structures; It helps overcome diffraction-limited resolution in fluorescence microscopy.; achieves superior spatial resolution using switching properties of fluorescent probes; It helps achieve substantially improved optical resolution in fluorescence imaging.; improving optical resolution beyond conventional fluorescence imaging
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It enables imaging of nanoscale features beyond the optical diffraction limit.
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breaking the optical diffraction limit in fluorescence microscopy
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It provides a named localization-based route to imaging beyond the diffraction limit.
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provides a localization-based super-resolution imaging modality
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It provides super-resolution localization imaging intended to yield quantitative, reliable evidence for specific biological questions.
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enables imaging based on switching and localization of individual fluorescent molecules beyond conventional resolution limits
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It is included among methods that address diffraction-limited spatial resolution.
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limited spatial resolution of far-field optical microscopy
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It addresses the inability of conventional light microscopy to resolve structural features smaller than about 0.2 µm. This enables observation of biological ultrastructure on nanometer-to-micrometer scales.
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overcomes the limited spatial resolution of conventional optical microscopy for small biological structures
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It helps overcome diffraction-limited resolution in fluorescence microscopy.
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achieves superior spatial resolution using switching properties of fluorescent probes
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It helps achieve substantially improved optical resolution in fluorescence imaging.
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improving optical resolution beyond conventional fluorescence imaging
Problem links
achieves superior spatial resolution using switching properties of fluorescent probes
LiteratureIt helps overcome diffraction-limited resolution in fluorescence microscopy.
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It helps overcome diffraction-limited resolution in fluorescence microscopy.
breaking the optical diffraction limit in fluorescence microscopy
LiteratureIt enables imaging of nanoscale features beyond the optical diffraction limit.
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It enables imaging of nanoscale features beyond the optical diffraction limit.
enables imaging based on switching and localization of individual fluorescent molecules beyond conventional resolution limits
LiteratureIt provides super-resolution localization imaging intended to yield quantitative, reliable evidence for specific biological questions.
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It provides super-resolution localization imaging intended to yield quantitative, reliable evidence for specific biological questions.
improving optical resolution beyond conventional fluorescence imaging
LiteratureIt helps achieve substantially improved optical resolution in fluorescence imaging.
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It helps achieve substantially improved optical resolution in fluorescence imaging.
limited spatial resolution of far-field optical microscopy
LiteratureIt is included among methods that address diffraction-limited spatial resolution.
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It is included among methods that address diffraction-limited spatial resolution.
overcomes the limited spatial resolution of conventional optical microscopy for small biological structures
LiteratureIt addresses the inability of conventional light microscopy to resolve structural features smaller than about 0.2 µm. This enables observation of biological ultrastructure on nanometer-to-micrometer scales.
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It addresses the inability of conventional light microscopy to resolve structural features smaller than about 0.2 µm. This enables observation of biological ultrastructure on nanometer-to-micrometer scales.
provides a localization-based super-resolution imaging modality
LiteratureIt provides a named localization-based route to imaging beyond the diffraction limit.
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It provides a named localization-based route to imaging beyond the diffraction limit.
Published Workflows
Objective: Enable superresolution fluorescence imaging of biological ultrastructure by localizing individual fluorophores with high accuracy using optically switchable fluorophores.
Why it works: The method works by using optically switchable fluorophores so that individual emitters can be localized with high accuracy and reconstructed into a superresolution image.
optical switching between nonfluorescent and fluorescent stateshigh-accuracy localization of individual fluorophoresSTORM imaging proceduredata analysis
Objective: Produce point localization-based superresolution images using standard fluorescent molecules rather than photoactivatable proteins or photoswitching dyes.
Why it works: The workflow uses temporal changes caused by bleach, blink-off, and blink-on events to isolate single-fluorophore signals in difference images, which can then be localized by Gaussian fitting.
intrinsic fluorophore bleachingintrinsic fluorophore blinkingGaussian localization of single-molecule emission signalstime-series fluorescence image acquisitionadjacent-frame subtractionsingle-molecule spot identificationGaussian fitting
Stages
- 1.Fluorescence image stream acquisition(broad_screen)
This stage generates the image series required to detect bleach, blink-off, and blink-on events used downstream for localization.
Selection: Acquire a stream of fluorescence images to capture temporal bleach and blink events from fluorophores.
- 2.Difference-image event detection(secondary_characterization)
This stage converts raw image sequences into event-specific difference signals that reveal individual fluorophore emissions for localization.
Selection: Detect bleach or blink-off events by subtracting each image from the subsequent image and detect blink-on events by subtracting each frame from the previous one.
- 3.Single-molecule localization fitting(confirmatory_validation)
This stage converts isolated single-fluorophore signals into precise localizations needed for superresolution imaging.
Selection: Determine localizations by fitting the fluorescence intensity distribution with a theoretical Gaussian.
Steps
- 1.Acquire a stream of fluorescence imagesimaging method being executed
Capture temporal fluorescence behavior needed to detect single-fluorophore bleaching and blinking events.
The downstream subtraction-based detection requires a time-ordered image series.
- 2.Detect bleach and blink-off events by subtracting each image from the subsequent imageanalysis method being executed
Reveal fluorophore bleach or blink-off events from adjacent frames.
This analysis is applied after image acquisition because it operates on the collected image series.
- 3.Detect blink-on events by subtracting each frame from the previous oneanalysis method being executed
Reveal fluorophore blink-on events from adjacent frames.
This complementary subtraction is performed on the same image series to capture event types not recovered by subsequent-frame subtraction alone.
- 4.Identify single-fluorophore signals and localize them by Gaussian fittinglocalization method being executed
Convert isolated fluorescence signals into precise single-molecule localizations for superresolution imaging.
Localization fitting is done after subtraction because isolated single-fluorophore signals must first be identified before their positions can be estimated.
Taxonomy & Function
Primary hierarchy
Technique Branch
Method: A concrete measurement method used to characterize an engineered system.
Target processes
localizationselectionInput: Light
Implementation Constraints
cofactor dependency: cofactor requirement unknownencoding mode: genetically encodedimplementation constraint: context specific validationimplementation constraint: payload burdenimplementation constraint: spectral hardware requirementoperating role: sensor
The abstract states that fluorescence super-resolution methods require fluorescently labeled samples.; fluorescent labeling is required; specific fluorophore or analysis prerequisites are not stated in the provided payload; The abstract supports that STORM depends on individual fluorescent molecules that can be switched and localized, together with analysis methods for localization-derived data.; requires switching and localization of individual fluorescent molecules; requires analytical methods suited to localization-based data; The method requires optically switchable fluorophores and a STORM microscope setup with an imaging procedure and data analysis workflow. The abstract also notes that the apparatus is relatively simple.; depends on high-accuracy localization of individual fluorophores; requires fluorophores that can be switched between nonfluorescent and fluorescent states by light exposure; The abstract supports a need for switchable probes and compatible imaging or analysis conditions.; requires probes and imaging conditions that support switching behavior; The abstract supports requirements for controlled fluorophore switching and accurate point-spread-function fitting of isolated emitters.; requires controlled photoswitching or photoactivation of fluorophores; requires isolated emitters unaffected by neighbouring fluorophores
It does not address the desire to avoid labels.; requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; The provided evidence does not specify its exact tradeoffs, sample compatibility, or operational limitations.; The abstract states that resolution remains difficult to define for this modality and that challenges and difficulties remain.; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review; The abstract does not claim that STORM removes all experimental constraints, and it still depends on suitable photoswitchable fluorophores and localization-based analysis. No live-imaging performance or throughput limits are specified in the provided evidence.; requires optically switchable fluorophores; the abstract does not specify fluorescent-protein-specific suitability or tradeoffs for STORM; The abstract does not support that STORM avoids the need for sparse isolated emitters or controlled switching behavior.; relies critically on exact fitting of isolated emitters; depends on controlled photoswitching or photoactivation of fluorophores; The anchor abstract does not provide STORM-specific details.; the anchor abstract does not explicitly name STORM
Validation
Cell-freeBacteriaMammalianMouseHumanTherapeuticIndep. Replication
Supporting Sources
Source 2review2021Journal of Biological Chemistry
Source 3primary paper2011Australian Journal of Chemistry
Source 4review2013Development Growth & Differentiation
Source 5primary paper2013Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
Source 6primary paper2015Journal of Physics D Applied Physics
Ranked Claims
Super-resolution fluorescence methods can break the optical diffraction limit but require fluorescent labeling.
Many label-free super-resolution methods draw inspiration from fluorescence-based STED, PALM, and STORM.
Label-free super-resolution techniques include structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.
The review context includes major super-resolution modalities such as STED, SIM, PALM, STORM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Additional high-signal enrichment leads cluster around the major super-resolution modalities explicitly discussed in and around this review—STED, SIM, PALM/STORM, SMLM, and MINFLUX
STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, STORM, SIM, and SSIM are super-resolution far-field optical microscopy techniques that address the limited spatial resolution of conventional far-field optical microscopy.
techniques such as stimulated emission depletion (STED), ground state depletion (GSD), reversible saturated optical (fluorescence) transitions (RESOLFT), photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), structured illumination microscopy (SIM) or saturated structured illumination microscopy (SSIM), all in one way or another addressing the problem of the limited spatial resolution of far-field optical microscopy
SIM achieves a two-fold improvement in spatial resolution compared to conventional optical microscopy.
While SIM achieves a two-fold improvement in spatial resolution compared to conventional optical microscopy
spatial resolution improvement two-fold
STED, RESOLFT, PALM/STORM, and SSIM have gone beyond SIM and pushed optical image resolution to the nanometer scale.
STED, RESOLFT, PALM/STORM, or SSIM have all gone beyond, pushing the limits of optical image resolution to the nanometer scale
image resolution scale nanometer scale
STORM is generally applicable to biological imaging.
This approach is generally applicable to biological imaging
PALM, STORM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy exploit fluorescent protein switching properties to achieve superior spatial resolution.
All localization precision and patterned illumination techniques-such as photo-activation localization microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, reversible saturable optically linear transitions, and saturated structured illumination microscopy-take advantage of these inherent switching properties to achieve superior spatial resolution.
The article covers multicolor STORM and three-dimensional STORM implementations.
The article discusses photoswitchable fluorescent molecules, STORM microscope design and the imaging procedure, data analysis, imaging of cultured cells, multicolor STORM, and three-dimensional (3D) STORM.
Several novel superresolution fluorescence microscopy techniques depend on unique fluorescent probes, altered optical setups, or post-imaging analysis.
These microscopy techniques depend on altered optical setups, unique fluorescent probes, or post-imaging analysis.
STORM uses optically switchable fluorophores that can be switched between nonfluorescent and fluorescent states by exposure to light.
It uses optically switchable fluorophores: molecules that can be switched between a nonfluorescent and a fluorescent state by exposure to light.
STORM is a superresolution imaging method based on high-accuracy localization of individual fluorophores.
we describe stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), a method for superresolution imaging based on the high accuracy localization of individual fluorophores
STORM has experimentally demonstrated an order-of-magnitude resolution improvement over conventional optical microscopy.
a resolution improvement of an order of magnitude over conventional optical microscopy has been experimentally demonstrated
resolution improvement over conventional optical microscopy order of magnitude
STORM requires relatively simple experimental apparatus.
requires relatively simple experimental apparatus
The reviewed super-resolution imaging concepts have applications in fixed and living cells with high spatio-temporal resolution.
highlight their strengths and limitations with respect to applications in fixed and living cells with high spatio-temporal resolution
Controlled photoswitching or photoactivation of fluorophores is a key parameter for resolution improvement in single-molecule localization super-resolution imaging.
controlled photoswitching or photoactivation of fluorophores is the key parameter for resolution improvement
PALM, FPALM, STORM, and dSTORM rely critically on exact fitting of the centre of mass and point-spread-function shape of isolated emitters unaffected by neighbouring fluorophores.
super-resolution imaging methods such as photoactivated localization microscopy, fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy rely critically on exact fitting of the centre of mass and the shape of the point-spread-function of isolated emitters unaffected by neighbouring fluorophores
Approval Evidence
8 sources16 linked approval claimsfirst-pass slug stochastic-optical-reconstruction-microscopy
Many draw inspiration from widely successful fluorescence-based techniques such as stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM).
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The supplied web research summary identifies STORM as a major modality repeatedly compared with PALM, STED, and SIM and central to SMLM-focused enrichment.
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Super-resolution optical imaging based on the switching and localization of individual fluorescent molecules [photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), etc.] has evolved remarkably over the last decade.
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super-resolution farfield optical microscopy (nanoscopy) techniques such as ... stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM)
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All localization precision and patterned illumination techniques-such as ... stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy ... take advantage of these inherent switching properties to achieve superior spatial resolution.
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In this article, we describe stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), a method for superresolution imaging based on the high accuracy localization of individual fluorophores.
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super-resolution imaging methods such as ... stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
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The supplied web research summary identifies STORM as a principal super-resolution method family relevant to the anchor review.
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capability summarysupports
Super-resolution fluorescence methods can break the optical diffraction limit but require fluorescent labeling.
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design inspirationsupports
Many label-free super-resolution methods draw inspiration from fluorescence-based STED, PALM, and STORM.
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modality coveragesupports
The review context includes major super-resolution modalities such as STED, SIM, PALM, STORM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Additional high-signal enrichment leads cluster around the major super-resolution modalities explicitly discussed in and around this review—STED, SIM, PALM/STORM, SMLM, and MINFLUX
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capability statementsupports
STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, STORM, SIM, and SSIM are super-resolution far-field optical microscopy techniques that address the limited spatial resolution of conventional far-field optical microscopy.
techniques such as stimulated emission depletion (STED), ground state depletion (GSD), reversible saturated optical (fluorescence) transitions (RESOLFT), photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), structured illumination microscopy (SIM) or saturated structured illumination microscopy (SSIM), all in one way or another addressing the problem of the limited spatial resolution of far-field optical microscopy
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performance statementsupports
STED, RESOLFT, PALM/STORM, and SSIM have gone beyond SIM and pushed optical image resolution to the nanometer scale.
STED, RESOLFT, PALM/STORM, or SSIM have all gone beyond, pushing the limits of optical image resolution to the nanometer scale
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applicabilitysupports
STORM is generally applicable to biological imaging.
This approach is generally applicable to biological imaging
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applicationsupports
PALM, STORM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy exploit fluorescent protein switching properties to achieve superior spatial resolution.
All localization precision and patterned illumination techniques-such as photo-activation localization microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, reversible saturable optically linear transitions, and saturated structured illumination microscopy-take advantage of these inherent switching properties to achieve superior spatial resolution.
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capabilitysupports
The article covers multicolor STORM and three-dimensional STORM implementations.
The article discusses photoswitchable fluorescent molecules, STORM microscope design and the imaging procedure, data analysis, imaging of cultured cells, multicolor STORM, and three-dimensional (3D) STORM.
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dependencysupports
Several novel superresolution fluorescence microscopy techniques depend on unique fluorescent probes, altered optical setups, or post-imaging analysis.
These microscopy techniques depend on altered optical setups, unique fluorescent probes, or post-imaging analysis.
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mechanism requirementsupports
STORM uses optically switchable fluorophores that can be switched between nonfluorescent and fluorescent states by exposure to light.
It uses optically switchable fluorophores: molecules that can be switched between a nonfluorescent and a fluorescent state by exposure to light.
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method descriptionsupports
STORM is a superresolution imaging method based on high-accuracy localization of individual fluorophores.
we describe stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), a method for superresolution imaging based on the high accuracy localization of individual fluorophores
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performancesupports
STORM has experimentally demonstrated an order-of-magnitude resolution improvement over conventional optical microscopy.
a resolution improvement of an order of magnitude over conventional optical microscopy has been experimentally demonstrated
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practicalitysupports
STORM requires relatively simple experimental apparatus.
requires relatively simple experimental apparatus
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application scopesupports
The reviewed super-resolution imaging concepts have applications in fixed and living cells with high spatio-temporal resolution.
highlight their strengths and limitations with respect to applications in fixed and living cells with high spatio-temporal resolution
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mechanism requirementsupports
Controlled photoswitching or photoactivation of fluorophores is a key parameter for resolution improvement in single-molecule localization super-resolution imaging.
controlled photoswitching or photoactivation of fluorophores is the key parameter for resolution improvement
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mechanism requirementsupports
PALM, FPALM, STORM, and dSTORM rely critically on exact fitting of the centre of mass and point-spread-function shape of isolated emitters unaffected by neighbouring fluorophores.
super-resolution imaging methods such as photoactivated localization microscopy, fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy rely critically on exact fitting of the centre of mass and the shape of the point-spread-function of isolated emitters unaffected by neighbouring fluorophores
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Comparisons
Source-stated alternatives
The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.; The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The abstract contrasts STORM with conventional optical microscopy, which blurs features below about 0.2 µm. No other alternative superresolution methods are explicitly discussed in the anchor abstract.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.; The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
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The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.
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The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
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The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.
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The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
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The abstract contrasts STORM with conventional optical microscopy, which blurs features below about 0.2 µm. No other alternative superresolution methods are explicitly discussed in the anchor abstract.
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The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
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The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Source-backed strengths
described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery; supports quantitative and reliable data generation when used appropriately; reported to go beyond the two-fold resolution improvement of SIM; reported to push image resolution to the nanometer scale; order-of-magnitude resolution improvement over conventional optical microscopy has been experimentally demonstrated; generally applicable to biological imaging; requires relatively simple experimental apparatus; explicitly identified as a technique benefiting from photoswitching behavior; belongs to a method class that can achieve optical resolution down to ~20 nm in the image plane
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described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique
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repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context
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presented as an established tool of biological discovery
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supports quantitative and reliable data generation when used appropriately
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reported to go beyond the two-fold resolution improvement of SIM
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reported to push image resolution to the nanometer scale
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order-of-magnitude resolution improvement over conventional optical microscopy has been experimentally demonstrated
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generally applicable to biological imaging
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requires relatively simple experimental apparatus
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explicitly identified as a technique benefiting from photoswitching behavior
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belongs to a method class that can achieve optical resolution down to ~20 nm in the image plane
Compared with 3D-dSTORM
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Compared with coherent Raman super-resolution imaging
The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
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The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.
Compared with direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Compared with dSTORM
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Compared with fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Compared with infrared absorption super-resolution imaging
The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.
Compared with microscopy
The abstract contrasts STORM with conventional optical microscopy, which blurs features below about 0.2 µm. No other alternative superresolution methods are explicitly discussed in the anchor abstract.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with conventional optical microscopy, which blurs features below about 0.2 µm. No other alternative superresolution methods are explicitly discussed in the anchor abstract.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Compared with MINFLUX
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Compared with multi-color single-molecule localization microscopy
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Compared with PALM
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.; The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Source:
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Compared with photoactivated localization microscopy
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.; The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Source:
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Compared with photo-activation localization microscopy
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.; The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Source:
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Compared with photoactivation localization microscopy
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.; The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract directly names PALM as a peer localization-based method, and the supplied research summary identifies PAINT as another related approach.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Source:
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Compared with RESOLFT
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Compared with reversible saturable optically linear transitions
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Compared with saturated structured illumination microscopy
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Compared with single molecule localization microscopy
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Compared with STED
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Compared with STED microscopy
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Compared with stimulated emission depletion microscopy
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Compared with STORM
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.; The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.; The abstract contrasts STORM with conventional optical microscopy, which blurs features below about 0.2 µm. No other alternative superresolution methods are explicitly discussed in the anchor abstract.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.; The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The supplied summary places STORM near PALM, STED, SIM, SMLM, MINFLUX, and RESOLFT.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with STED, GSD, RESOLFT, PALM, SIM, and SSIM.
Source:
The abstract contrasts STORM with conventional optical microscopy, which blurs features below about 0.2 µm. No other alternative superresolution methods are explicitly discussed in the anchor abstract.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Source:
The abstract compares STORM with PALM, FPALM, and dSTORM.
Compared with structured illumination
The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.; The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Compared with structured illumination microscopy
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The review abstract groups STORM with PALM, RESOLFT, and saturated structured illumination microscopy as related superresolution options.
Compared with transient absorption super-resolution imaging
The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.
Shared frame: source-stated alternative in extracted literature
Strengths here: described as a widely successful fluorescence-based technique; repeatedly compared as a core modality in the review context; presented as an established tool of biological discovery.
Relative tradeoffs: requires samples to be fluorescently labeled; resolution definition is complex for this imaging modality; remaining challenges and difficulties are noted by the review.
Source:
The review centers on label-free alternatives including structured illumination, transient absorption, infrared absorption, and coherent Raman spectroscopies.
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